Man, Past and Present by Agustus Henry Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, Alfred Court Haddon (best young adult book series .txt) 📖

[1238] S. Feist, Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 370.

[1239] S. Feist, loc. cit. p. 65. For cultural and linguistic influence of Celts on Germans see pp. 480 ff. Evidence of Celtic names in Germany is discussed by H. M. Chadwick "Some German River names," Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway, 1913.

[1240] H. d'Arbois de Jubainville, Les Celtes depuis les Temps les plus anciens jusqu'en l'an 100 avant notre ere, 1904, p. 1.

[1241] G. Dottin, Manuel pour servir a l'etude de l'Antiquite Celtique, 1915, p. 1.

[1242] T. Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 321. W. Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, 1900, reviewing the "Celtic Question, than which no greater stumbling-block in the way of our clear thinking exists" (p. 124) comes to a different conclusion. He states that "the term Celt, if used at all, belongs to the ... brachycephalic, darkish population of the Alpine highlands," and he claims for this view "complete unanimity of opinion among physical anthropologists" (p. 126). His own view however is that "the linguists are best entitled to the name Celt" while the broad-headed type commonly called Celtic by continental writers "we shall ... everywhere ... call ... Alpine" (p. 128).

[1243] Cf. the similar dual treatment in Italic.

[1244] "No Gael [i.e. Q Celt] ever set his foot on British soil save on a vessel that had put out from Ireland." Kuno Meyer, Trans. Hon. Soc. Cymmrodorion, 1895-6, p. 69.

[1245] Ancient Britain, 1907, pp. 409-424.

[1246] Das keltische Britannien, 1912, pp. 28-37.

[1247] J. Rhys, The Welsh People, 1902, pp. 13-14.

[1248] Das keltische Britannien, 1912, pp. 28-37.

[1249] Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 414. The name of the Picts is apparently Indo-European in form, and if the Celts were late comers into Britain (see above) they may well have been preceded by invaders of Indo-European speech.

[1250] T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 408. Cf. A. Keith, "The Bronze Age Invaders of Britain," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLV. 1915.

[1251] Quoted in T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain, 1907, pp. 426-427.

[1252] T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 443. See also John Abercromby, A Study of the Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland and its associated Grave Goods, 1912, tracing the distribution and migration of pottery forms: and the following papers of H. J. Fleure, "Archaeological Problems of the West Coast of Britain," Archaeologia Cambrensis, Oct. 1915; "The Early Distribution of Population in South Britain," ib. April, 1916; "The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLVI. 1916, and "A Proposal for Local Surveys of the British People," Arch. Camb. Jan. 1917.

[1253] W. Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 310; T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 432.

[1254] G. Coffey and R. Lloyd Praeger, "The Antrim Raised Beach: a Contribution to the Neolithic History of the North of Ireland," Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. XXV. (c.) 1904. See also the valuable series of "Reports on Prehistoric Remains from the Sandhills of the Coast of Ireland," P. R. I. A. XVI.

[1255] Man, IX. 1909, NO. 54.

[1256] Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. (3), III. 1896, p. 727.

[1257] Cf. also J. Wilfred Jackson, "The Geographical Distribution of the Shell-Purple Industry," Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. LX. No. 7, 1916.

[1258] Survivals from the Palaeolithic Age among Irish Neolithic Implements, 1897.

[1259] The Dolmens of Ireland, 1897.

[1260] They need not, however, have come from Britain, and the allusions in Irish literature to direct immigration from Spain, probable enough in itself, are too numerous to be disregarded. Thus, Geoffrey of Monmouth:--"Hibernia Basclensibus [to the Basques] incolenda datur" (Hist. Reg. Brit. III. Sec. 12); and Giraldus Cambrensis:--"De Gurguntio Brytonum Rege, qui Rasclenses [read Basclenses] in Hiberniam transmisit et eandem ipsis habitandam concessit." I am indebted to Wentworth Webster for these references (Academy, Oct. 19, 1895).

[1261] H. Zimmer, "Auf welchen Wege kamen die Goidelen vom Kontinent nach Irland?" Abh. d. K. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. 1912.

[1262] J. Gray, "Memoir on the Pigmentation Survey of Scotland," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVII. 1907.

[1263] "A Last Contribution to Scottish Ethnology," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVIII. 1908.

[1264] "The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLVI. 1916.

[1265] For the explanation see W. Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 322 ff.

[1266] W. Z. Ripley, loc. cit. p. 329.

[1267] "The Frenchman, the German, the Italian, the Englishman, to each of whom his own literature and the great traditions of his national life are most dear and familiar, cannot help but feel that the vernacular in which these are embodied and expressed is, and must be, superior to the alien and awkward languages of his neighbours." L. Pearsall Smith, The English Language, p. 54.

[1268] See above p. 455. T. Rice Holmes points out that the Aquitani were already mixed in type. Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 12.

[1269] See above p. 454.

[1270] That is, the languages whose affirmatives were the Latin pronouns hoc illud (oil) and hoc (oc), the former being more contracted, the latter more expanded, as we see in the very names of the respective Northern and Southern bards: Trouveres and Troubadours. It was customary in medieval times to name languages in this way, Dante, for instance, calling Italian la lingua del si, "the language of yes"; and, strange to say, the same usage prevails largely amongst the Australian aborigines, who, however, use both the affirmative and the negative particles, so that we have here no- as well as yes-tribes.

[1271] S. Feist points out that two physical types were recognised in antiquity, one dark and one fair, and reference to red hair and fair skin suggests Celtic infusion. Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 365.

[1272] Science Progress, p. 159.

[1273] "The Portuguese are much mixed with Negroes more particularly in the south and along the coast. The slave trade existed long before the Negroes of Guinea were exported to the plantations of America. Damiao de Goes estimated the number of blacks imported into Lisbon alone during the 16th century at 10,000 or 12,000 per annum. If contemporary eye-witnesses can be trusted, the number of blacks met with in the streets of Lisbon equalled that of the whites. Not a house but had its negro servants, and the wealthy owned entire gangs of them" (Reclus, I. p. 471).

[1274] "The Spanish People," Cont. Rev. May, 1907, and The Soul of Spain, 1908.

[1275] T. E. Peet, Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily, 1909, gives a full account of the archaeology.

[1276] "Zur Palaeoethnologie Mittel- u. Suedeuropas" in Mitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges. 1897, p. 18. It should here be noted that in his History of the Greek Language (1896) Kretschmer connects the inscriptions of the Veneti in north Italy and of the Messapians in the south with the Illyrian linguistic family, which he regards as Aryan intermediate between the Greek and the Italic branches, the present Albanian being a surviving member of it. In the same Illyrian family W. M. Lindsay would also include the "Old Sabellian" of Picenum, "believed to be the oldest inscriptions on Italian soil. The manifest identity of the name Aodatos and the word meitimon with the Illyrian names [Greek: Audata] and Meitima is almost sufficient of itself to prove these inscriptions to be Illyrian. Further the whole character of their language, with its Greek and its Italic features, corresponds with what we know and what we can safely infer about the Illyrian family of languages" (Academy, Oct. 24, 1896). Cf. R. S. Conway, The Italic Dialects, 1897.

[1277] R. Munro, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia, 1900. See also W. Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece, 1901, ch. V., showing that remains of the Iron Age in Bosnia are closely connected with Hallstatt and La Tene cultures.

[1278] Arii e Italici, p. 158 sq.

[1279] "Liguri e Pelasgi furono i primi abitatori d'Italia; e Liguri sembra siano stati quelli che occupavano la Valle del Po e costrussero le palafitte, e Liguri forse anche i costruttori delle palafitte svizzere: Mediterranei tutti" (Ib. p. 138).

[1280] Ripley's chart shows a range of from 87 in Piedmont to 76 and 77 in Calabria, Puglia, and Sardinia, and 75 and under in Corsica. The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 251.

[1281] But cf. W. Ridgeway, Who were the Romans? 1908.

[1282] The true name of these southern or Macedo-Rumanians, as pointed out by Gustav Weigland (Globus, LXXI. p. 54), is Aramani or Armani, i.e. "Romans." Tsintsar, Kutzo-Vlack, etc. are mere nicknames, by which they are known to their Macedonian (Bulgar and Greek) neighbours. See also W. R. Morfill in Academy, July 1, 1893. The Vlachs of Macedonia are described by E. Pears, Turkey and its People, 1911, and a full account of the Balkan Vlachs is given by A. J. B. Wace and M. S. Thompson, The Nomads of the Balkans, 1914.

[1283] Romaenische Studien, Leipzig, 1871.

[1284] Les Roumains au Moyen Age, passim. Hunfalvy, quoted by A. J. Patterson (Academy, Sept. 7, 1895), also shows that "for a thousand years there is no authentic mention of a Latin or Romance speaking population north of the Danube."

[1285] This view is held by L. Rethy, also quoted by Patterson, and the term Vlack (Welsch, whence Wallachia) applied to the Rumanians by all their Slav and Greek neighbours points in the same direction.

[1286] T. Peisker, "The Asiatic Background," Camb. Med. Hist. Vol. I. 1911, p. 356, and "The Expansion of the Slavs," ib. Vol. II. 1913, p. 440.

[1287] Mitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges. 1897, p. 18.

[1288] Dawn of Civilization, p. 391.

[1289] The Ancient History of the Near East, 1913, p. 69.

[1290] Hall notes (p. 73) that "it is to the Thesprotian invasion, which displaced the Achaians, that, in all probability, the general introduction of iron into Greece is to be assigned. The invaders came ultimately from the Danube region, where iron was probably first used in Europe, whereas their kindred, the Achaians, had possibly already lived in Thessaly in the Stone Age, and derived the knowledge of metal from the Aegeans. The speedy victory of the new-comers over the older Aryan inhabitants of Northern Greece may be ascribed to their possession of iron weapons." Ridgeway, however, has little difficulty in proving that the Achaeans themselves were tall fair Celts from Central Europe. The Early Age of Greece, 1901, especially chap. IV., "Whence came the Acheans?" The question is dealt with from a different point of view by J. L. Myres, in The Dawn of History, 1911, chap. IX., "The Coming of the North," tracing the invasion from the Eurasian steppes.

[1291] H. R. Hall, loc. cit. p. 68; cf. H. Peake, Journ. Roy. Anth. Inst. 1916, p. 154.

[1292] C. H. Hawes, "Some Dorian Descendants," Ann. Brit. School Ath.No. XVI. 1909-10, proves that the Dorian or Illyrian (Alpine) type still persists in South Greece and Crete.

[1293] Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea, Stuttgart, 1830. See also G. Finlay's Mediaeval Greece, and the Anthrop. Rev. 1868, VI. p. 154.

[1294] Romaenische Studien, 1871.

[1295] Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop. 1896, p. 351 sq.

[1296] By a sort of grim irony the word has come to mean "slave" in the West, owing to the multitudes of Slavs captured and enslaved during the medieval border warfare. But the term is by many referred to the root slovo, word, speech, implying a people of intelligible utterance, and this is supported by the form Slovene occurring in Nestor and still borne by a southern Slav group. See T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs," Camb. Med. Hist. Vol. II. 1913, p. 421 n. 2.

[1297] IV. 21.

[1298] These Budini are described as a large nation with "remarkably blue eyes and red hair," on which account Zaborowski thinks they may have been ancestors of the present Finns. But they may also very well have been belated proto-Germani left behind by the body of the nation en route for their new Baltic homes.

[1299] Cf. p. 304.

[1300] Scythians and Greeks, 1909.

[1301] The meaning of Wend is uncertain. It has led to confusion with the Armorican Veneti, the Paphlagonian Enetae, and the Adriatic Enetae-Venetae, all non-Slav peoples. Shakhmatov regards it as a name inherited by Slavs