Himalayan Journals, vol 2 by J. D. Hooker (great reads TXT) 📖
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DEW-POINT
Mean 34.3 41.9 41.3 55.2
Max. 39.7 ... ... ...
Min. 29.7 ... ... ...
Max. Difference 32.8 52.3 44.7 20.8
Min. Difference 23.8 15.7 ... ...
Weight of Vapour in cubic feet 2.574 3.271 3.089 5.127
SATURATION
Mean .405 .324 .264 .511
Max. .450 .603 ... ...
Min. .327 .176 ... ...
Number of observations 3 3 1 1
TERRESTRIAL RADIATION.
MeanAir in Shade. Sunrise 60.0 62.5 63.0 58.0 60.9
Exposed Th. 55.0 54.5 55.5 53.0 54.6
Difference 5.0 8.0 7.5 5.0 6.4
Exposed on earth ... 56.0 50.5 54.0 53.5
Difference ... 6.5 12.5 4.0 7.7
Exposed on grass 52.0 52.5 50.5 50.0 51.3
Difference 8.0 10.0 12.5 8.0 9.6
APPENDIX B.
ON THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS AND ALGAE OF THE HOT-SPRINGS OF BEHAR,
THE HIMALAYA, AND OTHER PARTS OF INDIA, ETC., INCLUDING NOTES ON THE
FUNGI OF THE HIMALAYA.
(By Dr. R. D. Thomson and the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.)
The following remarks, for which I am indebted to the kindness of the able chemist and naturalist mentioned above, will be highly valued, both by those who are interested in the many curious physiological
questions involved in the association of the most obscure forms of
vegetable life with the remarkable phenomena of mineral springs; or in the exquisitely beautiful microscopic structure of the lower
Algae, which has thrown so much light upon a branch of natural
history, whose domain, like that of astronomy, lies to a great extent beyond the reach of the unassisted eye.--J.D.H.
Mineral water, Soorujkoond, Behar (vol. i., chap. ii), containschloride of sodium and sulphate of soda.
Mineral water, hot springs, Yeumtong, altitude 11,730 feet (seevol. ii., chap. xxii). Disengages sulphuretted hydrogen when
fresh.--This water was inodorous when the bottle was opened.
The saline matter in solution was considerably less than in the
Soorujkoond water, but like that consisted of chloride of sodium and sulphate of soda. Its alkaline character suggests the probability of its containing carbonate of soda, but none was detected.
The rocks decomposed by the waters of the spring consist of granite impregnated with sulphate of alumina. It appears that in this case
the sulphurous waters of Yeumtong became impregnated in the air with sulphuric acid, which decomposed the felspar,* [I have, in my
journal, particularly alluded to the garnets (an aluminous mineral) being thus entirely decomposed.-J.D.H.] and united with its alumina.
I found traces only of potash in the salt.
Sulphuretted hydrogen waters appear to give origin to sulphuric acid, when the water impregnated with the gas reaches the surface; and I
have fine fibrous specimens of sulphate of lime accompanied with
sulphur, from the hot springs of Pugha in west Tibet, brought by
Dr. T. Thomson.
Mineral water, Momay hot springs, (vol. ii., chap. xxii).--Whenthe bottle was uncorked, a strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen was perceived. The water contains about twenty-five grains per imp.
gallon, of chloride of sodium, sulphate and carbonate of soda; the
reaction being strongly alkaline when the solution was concentrated.
Effloresced earth from Behar (vol. i., chap. i), consists ofgranite sand, mixed with sesquicarbonate of soda.
_On the Indian Algae which occur principally in different parts of
the Himalayan Range, in the hot-sprinys of Soorujkoond in Bengal,
Pugha in Tibet, and Momay in Sikkim; and on the Fungi of the
Himalayas. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A.
It is not my intention in the present appendix to give specific
characters or even accurately determined specific names to the
different objects within its scope, which have come under
investigation, as collected by Dr. Hooker and Dr. Thomson. To do so would require far more time than I have at present been able to
devote to the subject, for though every species has been examined
microscopically, either by myself or Mr. Broome, and working
sketches secured at the same time, the specific determination of
fresh water Algae from Herbarium specimens is a matter which
requires a very long and accurate comparison of samples from every
available locality, and in the case of such genera as _Zygnema,
Tyndaridea, and _Conferva, is, after all, not a very satisfactory process.
The object in view is merely to give some general notion of the forms which presented themselves in the vast districts visited by the
above-mentioned botanists, comprising localities of the greatest
possible difference as regards both temperature and elevation; but
more especially in the hot-springs which occur in two distant parts of the Himalayas and in Behar, and these again under very different degrees of elevation and of extrinsic temperature.
The Algae from lower localities are but few in number, and some of
these of very common forms. We have for instance from the Ganges,
opposite Bijnour, a Batrachospermum and Conferva crispata, the
former purple below, with specimens of Chantransia, exactly as they might occur in the Thames. The Conferva, or more properly
Cladophora, which occurs also under various forms, at higher
elevations, as in the neighbourhood of Simla and Iskardo, swarms with little parasites, but of common or uninteresting species. In the
Bijnour specimens, these consist of common forms of _Synedra,
Meridion circulare, and a _Cymbella, on others from Dacca, there
are about three species of Synedra,* {Two of these appear to be _S.
Vaucheriae_ and S. inaequalis.] a minute Navicula and Gomphonema curvatum. Nothing, in fact, can well be more European. One splendid Alga, however, occurs at Fitcoree, in Behar, on the banks of nullahs, which are dry in hot weather, forming a purple fleece of coarse
woolly hairs, which are singularly compressed, and of extreme beauty under the microscope, from the crystalline green of the articulated string which threads the bright red investing sheath. This curious
Alga calls to mind in its colouring Caenocoleus Smithii, figured in English Botany, t. 2940, but it has not the common sheath of that
Alga, and is on a far larger scale. One or two other allied forms, or species, occur in East Nepal, to which I purpose giving, together
with the Behar plant, the generic name of Erythronema. From the
Soane River, also, is an interesting Alga, belonging to the curious genus Thwaitesia, in which the division of the endochrome in the
fertile cells into four distinct masses, sometimes entirely free, is beautifully marked. In some cases, indeed, instead of the ordinary
spores, the whole moss is broken up into numerous bodies, as in the fertile joints of Ulothrix, and probably, as in that case, the
resultant corpuscles are endowed with active motion. In Silhet,
again, is a magnificent Zygnema, allied to Z. nitidum, with large oval spores, about 1/285 part of an inch long, and a dark golden
brown colour, and containing a spiral green endochrome.
Leaving, however, the lower parts of India, I shall first take the
species which occur in Khasia, Sikkim, Eastern Nepal, and the
adjoining parts of Tibet.
In the hot valleys of the Gtreat Rungeet, at an elevation of about
2000 feet, we have the Erythronema, but under a slightly different form; at Nunklow, at about the same height; in Khasia, again, at
twice that elevation; in Eastern Nepal, at 12,000; and, finally, at Momay, reaching up to 16,000 feet. In water, highly impregnated with oxide of iron, at 4000 feet in Sikkim, a Leptothrix occurred in
great abundance, coloured with the oxide, exactly as is the case with Algae which grow in iron springs in Europe. At elevations between
5000 and 7000 feet, several European forms occur, consisting of
_Ulothrix, Zygnema, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Sphaerozyga, Scytonema,
Conferva, and _Cladophora. The species may indeed not be identical with European species, but they are all more or less closely allied to well-known Hydrophytes. One very interesting form, however, either belonging to the genus Zygnema, or possibly constituting a distinct genus, occurs in streams at 5000 feet in Sikkim, consisting of highly gelatinous threads of the normal structure of the Zygnema, but
forming a reticulated mass. The threads adhere to each other
laterally, containing only a single spiral endochrome, and the
articulations are very long. Amongst the threads are mixed those of some species of Tyndaridea. There is also a curious Hormosiphon,
at a height of 7000 feet; forming anastomosing gelatinous masses.
A fine new species of Lyngbya extends up as high as 11,000 feet.
At 13,000 feet occurs either some simple
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