Man, Past and Present by Agustus Henry Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, Alfred Court Haddon (best young adult book series .txt) 📖

believes that "the truest understanding of Zuni life, other than its purely practical manifestation, can be had by setting the ettowe ['fetish'] as a centre. Around these, priesthoods, fraternities, clan organisation, as well as most esoteric thinking and sacred tradition, group themselves; while, in turn, kivas, dances, and acts of public worship can be construed as but the outward means of expression of the inner activities that radiate around the nucleus of the physical fetishes and the ideas attached to them[872]."

FOOTNOTES:

[737] A. C. Haddon, The Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, p. 72.

[738] R. F. Scharff, The History of the European Fauna, 1899, pp. 155, 186.

[739] D. G. Brinton, The American Race, 1891.

[740] K. Haebler, The World's History (ed. Helmolt), I. 1901, p. 181.

[741] A. Hrdli[vc]ka, "Skeletal Remains suggesting or attributed to Early Man in North America," Bureau Am. Eth. Bull. 33, 1907, p. 98.

[742] A. Hrdli[vc]ka, "Early Man in South America," Bureau Am. Eth. Bull. 52, 1912.

[743] Loc. cit. pp. 385-6.

[744] American Anthropologist, XIV. 1912, p. 22.

[745] P. Rivet, "La Race de Lagoa-Santa chez les populations precolombiennes de l'Equateur," Bull. Soc. d'Anth. V. 2, 1908, p. 264.

[746] J. Deniker, The Races of Man, 1900, p. 512.

[747] Bur. Am. Eth. Bull. 52, 1912, pp. 183-4.

[748] Loc. cit. p. 267.

[749] A. Hrdli[vc]ka, Am. Anth. XIV. 1912, p. 10.

[750] Ibid. p. 12.

[751] A. C. Haddon, The Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, pp. 78-9.

[752] W. Bogoras, Am. Anth. IV. 1902, p. 577.

[753] Bur. Am. Eth. Bull. 28, 1904, p. 535.

[754] Globus, LXX. No. 3.

[755] Mexican Archaeology, 1914, p. 7 ff.

[756] "The Social Organization, etc. of the Kwakiutl Indians," Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1895, Washington (1897), p. 321 sq. and Ann. Arch. Rep. 1905, Toronto, 1906, p. 84.

[757] W. L. H. Duckworth, Journ. Anthr. Inst., August, 1895.

[758] The Stone Age in North America, 1911.

[759] On the other hand there are a few American archaeologists who believe in the occurrence of implements of palaeolithic type in the United States, but there is no corroborative evidence on the part of contemporaneous fossils. See N. H. Winchell, "The weathering of aboriginal stone artifacts," No. 1. Collection of the Minnesota Hist. Soc. Vol. XVI. 1913.

[760] Am. Anth. XIV. 1912, p. 55.

[761] Such disintegration is clearly seen in the Carib still surviving in Dominica, of which J. Numa Rat contributed a somewhat full account to the Journ. Anthr. Inst. for Nov. 1897, p. 293 sq. Here the broken form arametakuahatina buka appears to represent the polysynthetic arametakuanientibubuka (root arameta, to hide), as in Pere Breton's Grammaire Caraibe, p. 45, where we have also the form arametakualubatibubasubutuiruni = know that he will conceal thee (p. 48). It may at the same time be allowed that great inroads have been made on the principle of polysynthesis even in the continental (South American) Carib, as well as in the Colombian Chibcha, the Mexican Otomi and Pima, and no doubt in some other linguistic groups. But that the system must have formerly been continuous over the whole of America seems proved by the persistence of extremely polysynthetic tongues in such widely separated regions as Greenland (Eskimo), Mexico (Aztec), Peru (Quichuan), and Chili (Araucanian).

[762] R. de la Grasserie and N. Leon, Langue Tarasque, Paris, 1896.

[763] J. E. R. Polak, Ipurina Grammar, etc., London, 1894.

[764] The Eskimo Tribes, their Distribution and Characteristics, Copenhagen, 1887, I. p. 62 sq.

[765] In fact this very word was first given "as an ordinary example" by Kleinschmidt, Gram. d. Groenlandischen Sprache, Sect. 99, and is also quoted by Byrne, who translates: "They disapproved of him, because he did not give to him, when he heard that he would go off, because he had nothing" (Principles, etc., I. p. 140).

[766] "Indian Linguistic Families of America north of Mexico," Seventh Ann. Rept. Bureau of Ethnology, 1885-6 (1891). See also the "Handbook of American Indian Languages," Part I by Franz Boas and others, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40, 1911. The Introduction by F. Boas gives a good general idea of the characteristics of these languages and deals shortly with related problems.

[767] Following this ethnologist's convenient precedent, I use both in Ethnology and here the final syllable an to indicate stock races and languages in America. Thus Algonquin = the particular tribe and language of that name; Algonquian = the whole family; Iroquois, Iroquoian, Carib, Cariban, etc.

[768] Forum, Feb. 1898, p. 683.

[769] Studies of these languages by Kroeber and others will be found in University of California Publications; American Archaeology and Ethnology, L. 1903 onwards. Cf. also A. L. Kroeber, "The Languages of the American Indians," Pop. Sci. Monthly, LXXVIII. 1911.

[770] Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XL. 1910, p. 73.

[771] Urbewohner Brasiliens, 1897, p. 46.

[772] Karl v. d. Steinen, Unter den Naturvoelkern Zentral-Brasiliens, 1894, p. 215.

[773] Aborigines of South America, 1912.

[774] Loc. cit. p. 75.

[775] Indian Linguistic Families, p. 141.

[776] "Whence came the American Indians?" Forum, Feb. 1898.

[777] J. Walter Fewkes, "Great Stone Monuments in History and Geography," Pres. Add. Anthrop. Soc., Washington, 1912.

[778] F. Graebner, Anthropos, IV. 1909, esp. pp. 1013-24. Cf. also his Ethnologie, 1914.

[779] W. Schmidt, "Kulturkreise und Kulturschichten in Suedamerika," Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie, Jg. 45, 1913, p. 1014 ff.

[780] Loc. cit. pp. 1020, 1021.

[781] Ibid. p. 1093; cf. also p. 1098 where the Peruvian sailing balsa is traced to Polynesia, sailing rafts being still used in the Eastern Paumotu islands.

[782] Am. Anth. XIV. 1912, pp. 34-6.

[783] Loc. cit. p. 39.

[784] Loc. cit. p. 43.

[785] G. Elliot Smith, The Migrations of Early Culture, 1915.

[786] G. Elliot Smith, "The Influence of Ancient Egyptian Civilization in the East and in America," Bull. of the John Rylands Library, Jany.--March, 1916, pp. 3, 4.

[787] Cf. W. J. Perry, "The Relationship between the Geographical Distribution of Megalithic Monuments and Ancient Mines," reprinted from Manchester Memoirs, Vol. LX. (1915), pt. 1.

[788] W. J. Perry, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. LX. 1916, No. 6.

[789] Loc. cit. No. 5.

[790] Loc. cit. No. 4.

[791] Loc. cit. No. 8.

[792] Loc. cit. No. 7.

[793] Putnam Anniversary Volume, 1909, p. 365.

[794] Nature, Nov. 25 and Dec. 16, 1915.

[795] H. H. Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, 1875.

[796] E. B. Tylor, "On the game of Patolli in Ancient Mexico and its probably Asiatic origin," Journ. Anthr. Inst. VIII. 1878, p. 116. Rep. Brit. Ass. 1894, p. 774.

[797] Zelia Nuttall, "The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilisations," Arch. and Eth. Papers, Peabody Mus. Cambridge, Mass.II. 1901.

[798] J. Macmillan Brown, Maori and Polynesian, 1907.

[799] C. R. Enoch, The Secret of the Pacific, 1912.

[800] Livingston Farrand, Basis of American History, 1904, pp. 88-9.

[801] 7th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1885-6 (1891).

[802] "Primitive American History," Am. Anth. XVI. 1914, pp. 410-11.

[803] Roland B. Dixon, Am. Anth. XV. 1913, pp. 538-9.

[804] "Areas of American culture characterization tentatively outlined as an aid in the study of the Antiquities," Am. Anth. XVI. 1914, pp. 413-46.

[805] Clark Wissler, "Material Cultures of the North American Indians," Am. Anth. XVI. 1914, pp. 447-505.

[806] "The Central Eskimo," 6th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1884-5 (1888), p. 419.

[807] The name is said to come from the Abnaki Esquimantsic, or from Ashkimeq, the Ojibway equivalent, meaning "eaters of raw flesh." They call themselves Innuit, meaning "people."

[808] H. Rink, "The Eskimo Tribes, their Distribution and Characteristics," Meddelelser om Groenland, II. 1887.

[809] F. Boas, "Ethnological Problems in Canada," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XL. 1910, p. 529.

[810] H. P. Steensby, "Contributions to the Ethnology and Anthropogeography of the Polar Eskimos," Meddelelser om Groenland, XXXIV. 1910.

[811] H. P. Steensby, loc. cit. p. 384.

[812] Loc. cit. pp. 366, 376.

[813] V. Stefansson, My life with the Eskimo, 1913, p. 194 ff.

[814] F. Boas, "The Eskimo," Annual Archaeological Report, 1905, Toronto (1906), p. 112 ff.

[815] A. G. Morice, "Notes on the Western Denes," Trans. Canadian Inst. IV. 1895; "The Western Denes," Proc. Canadian Inst. XXV. (3rd Series, VII.) 1890; "The Canadian Denes," Ann. Arch. Rep. 1905 (1906), p. 187.

[816] From the Nootka word potlatsh, "giving" or "a gift," so called because these great winter ceremonials were especially marked by the giving away of quantities of goods, commonly blankets. Cf. J. R. Swanton in Handbook of American Indians (F. W. Hodge, editor), 1910.

[817] Besides C. Wissler, loc. cit. p. 457 and A. G. Morice, loc. cit., cf. J. Jette, Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVII. 1907, p. 157; C. Hill-Tout, British North America, 1907; and G. T. Emmons, "The Tahltan Indians," Anthr. Pub. University of Pennsylvania, IV. 1, 1911.

[818] C. Wissler, loc. cit. p. 454.

[819] J. G. Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, III. 1910, p. 319.

[820] Loc. cit. p. 333.

[821] See p. 367.

[822] F. Boas, Brit. Ass. Reports, 1885-98; Social Organisation of the Kwakiutl Indians, 1897; A. P. Niblack, "The Coast Indians," U.S. Nat. Mus. Report, 1898.

[823] For this area consult J. Teit, "The Thompson Indians of British Columbia," "The Lillooet Indians," and "The Shushwap," in Memoirs, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. II. 4, 1900; Vol. IV. 5, 1906; and Vol. IV. 7, 1909; F. Boas, "The Salish Tribes of the Interior of British Columbia," Ann. Arch. Rep. 1905 (Toronto, 1906); C. Hill-Tout, "The Salish Tribes of the Coast and Lower Fraser Delta," Ann. Arch. Rep. 1905 (Toronto, 1906); H. J. Spinden, "The Nez Perces Indians," Memoirs, Am. Anth. Ass. II. 3, 1908; R. H. Lowie, "The Northern Shoshone," Anth. Papers, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. II. 2, 1908; A. B. Lewis, "Tribes of the Columbia Valley," etc., Memoirs, Am. Anth. Ass. I. 2, 1906.

[824] C. Hill-Tout, British North America, 1907, p. 37.

[825] Loc. cit. p. 50.

[826] Loc. cit. pp. 158-9.

[827] A. L. Kroeber, "Types of Indian Culture in California," University of California Publications Am. Arch. and Eth. II. 3, 1904; cf. also the special anthropological publications of the University of California.

[828] Loc. cit. p. 81 ff.

[829] P. S. Spartman, University of California Publications, Am. Arch. and Eth. VIII. 1908, p. 221 ff.; A. L. Kroeber, "Types of Indian Culture in California," ibid. II. 1904, p. 81 ff.

[830] A. L. Kroeber, ibid. VIII. 1908, p. 72.

[831] C. G. DuBois, "The Religion of the Luiseno Indians," tom. cit.p. 73 ff.

[832] Dakota is the name of the largest division of the Siouan linguistic family, commonly called Sioux; Santee, Yankton and Teton constituting, with the Assiniboin, the four main dialects.

[833] See note 4, p. 370.

[834] Wakonda is the term employed "when the power believed to animate all natural forms is spoken to or spoken of in supplications or rituals" by many tribes of the Siouan family. Manito is the Algonquian name for "the mysterious and unknown potencies and powers of life and of the universe." "Wakonda," says Miss Fletcher, "is difficult to define, for exact terms change it from its native uncrystallized condition to something foreign to aboriginal thought. Vague as the concept seems to be to one of another race, to the Indian it is as real and as mysterious as the starry night or the flush of the coming day," "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W. Hodge), Bur. Am. Eth. Bull. 30, 1907.

[835] See G. A. Dorsey, "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W. Hodge), Bur. Am. Eth. Bull. 30, 1907.

[836] G. B. Grinnell points out that the personal torture often associated with the ceremonies has no connection with them, but represents the fulfilment of individual vows. "The Cheyenne Medicine Lodge," Am. Anth. XVI. 1914, p. 245.

[837] See G. A. Dorsey, "Arapaho Sun Dance," Pub. Field Col. Mus. Anth. IV. 4 (Chicago), 1903; "The Cheyenne," tom. cit. IX. 1905.

[838] A. C. Fletcher, in "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W. Hodge), Bur. Am. Eth., Bull. 30, 1907; Am. Anth. IV. 4, 1902; "The Hako, a Pawnee Ceremony," 22nd Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1900-1, 2 (1904); G. A. Dorsey, "Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee," Mem. Am. Folklore Soc. VIII. 1904.

[839] From siksinam "black," and ka, the root of oqkatsh "foot." The origin of the name is commonly given as referring to the blackening of their moccasins by the ashes of the prairie fires.

[840] J. Mooney, "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W. Hodge), Bur. Am. Eth., Bull. 30, 1907; C. Wissler, "Material culture of the Blackfoot Indians," Anth. Papers, Am. Mus.