Approaching Zero by Paul Mungo (bts book recommendations .txt) 📖

at writing nruses, with varying

degrees of success. It became something of a fad among computer freaks in Sofia

and other Bulgarian cities in the late 1980s. There was, of course, no

“factory” in the usual sense of the word—just a group of young men (they were

all male), probably unknown to each other, who had learned the tricks of

writing viruses through the techniques perfected while stealing Western

software.

 

The value to Bulgaria of all the virus-writing activity was negligible. Though

the programmers who compiled the bugs were, no doubt, honing their skills, and

some of the viruses demonstrated a cleverness and technical dexterity that may

have been admirable, viruses simply do not have any productive purpose. Indeed,

Fred Cohen—the man who coined the term “computer virus” in the first place—

once tried to find a role for them and organized a competition to write a

beneficial virus. None was found.

 

In any event, in late 1990 and early 1991, Bulgaria itself, no longer

Communist and not quite democratic, was going through an identity crisis.

Public confidence in the government, in state institutions, and in the currency

had evaporated, to be replaced by a deeply cynical, almost anarchic national

ethos. Bulgaria had become a country of shabby, small-time dealers, of petty

blackmarketers and crooked currency changers. The symbols of the

immediate past, of the near half-century of Communism, had been pulled down;

little had been erected in their place. But the computers that President

Zhirkov had decreed would turn Bulgaria into a modern technological power

remained, and indeed offered themselves to the new generation of computer

programmers as weapons to be turned against the state, to drive an electronic

stake through the heart of the system. Viruses would cripple Zhivkov’s dream.

In this gray time of shortages and rationing, of cynicism and despair, writing

viruses was a sort of protest—perhaps against the Communists, possibly against

the transitional state, almost certainly against the lack of opportunity and

hope. Writing viruses was a form of individualism, of striking out; it was also

an opportunity for notoriety.

 

Since 1988 the Bulgarian virus factory has produced around two hundred new

viruses. Most have yet to travel; only a few have reached the industrialized

West. The scale of the problem may not become apparent for several years.

 

Some of those who created the viruses are known, some aren’t, but the greatest

threat is Bulgaria’s most proficient and fearsome virus writer: the Dark

Avenger.

 

The man who was to become known as the Dark Avenger began work on his first

virus in September 1988. “In those days there were no viruses being written in

Bulgaria, so I decided to write the first,” he once said. “In early March 1989

it came into existence and started to live its own life, and to terrorize all

engineers and other suckers.”

 

The Dark Avenger had started work on the virus known as Eddie just weeks before

Teodor had sat down to write the first of what became his Vacsina-Yankee Doodle

series. Teodor’s virus was ready first, but the Dark Avenger’s bug was much

more malicious and infective. “It may be of interest to you to know that Eddie

is the most widespread virus in Bulgaria. I also have information that Eddie is

well known in the U.S.A., West Germany, and Russia too,” the Dark Avenger once

boasted.

 

The Dark Avenger likes to leave teasing references to his identity in his

viruses. As in the Eddie virus, he sometimes “copyrights” his bugs, and often

gives Sofia as the source. The text strillg DIANA P. was assumed to be a

reference to his girlfriend, except that Diana isn’t a particularly Bulgarian

name. It’s now belicved to be a reference to Diana, Princess of Wales.

 

The Dark Avenger also likes heavymetal music: the other text string in his

first virus, the mysterious EDDIE LIVES …, apparently refers to the

skeletal mascot, Eddie, used by the British heavymetal group Iron Maiden in

their stage act. Heavymetal symbols and motifs run through many of the other

viruses written by the Dark Avenger. A family of perhaps twenty or more viruses

can be attributed to him, all technically advanced, most deliberately malicious, some containing text strings that use the titles of Iron Maiden

tracks: “Somewhere in Time,” “The Evil That Men Do,” and “The Good Die Young.”

His viruses also mimic the posturing Satanism of heavymetal music. His Number

of the Beast virus (the name is yet another reference to an Iron Maiden song)

contains the 3-byte signature “666,” the mystical number believed to refer to

“the beast,” the Antichrist in the Book of Revelations.

 

Perhaps appropriately, of all the viruses attributed to the Dark Avenger,

Number of the Beast is considered the most technically accomplished. A stealth

virus, it exploits an obscure feature of the standard PC operating system to

evade detection and hide in unused space on program files so that it doesn’t

change the length of the host file. Oddly, the virus doesn’t have a payload,

though its mere presence on a PC is likely to cause it to crash.

 

The Dark Avenger has produced four versions of Eddie and six versions of Number

of the Beast, as well as four variants of a virus called Phoenix and four of

another one known as Anthrax (the name of an American heavymetal group). He is

also generally believed to have written Nomenklatura, the virus that attacked

Britain s House of Commons library, principally because the bug is technically

sophisticated and vicious and employs techniques that have been seen in his

other viruses. In a way, the Dark

Avenger has become so well known that any particularly destructive and clever

Bulgarian virus will almost automatically be attributed to him. The alternative

is too dire for the computer security industry to contemplate.

 

The Dark Avenger’s fame was evident from the response to his calls to the

world’s first “virus exchange” bulletin board, which was established in Sofia

by twenty-year-old Todor Todorov on November 1, 1990. The idea was eventually

copied by others in Britain, Italy, Sweden, Germany, the United States, and

Russia, but Todorov was the first. The board describes itself as “a place for

free exchange of viruses and a place where everything is permitted!”

 

Todorov built up a large collection of viruses after callers learned of his

exchange procedures.

 

IF YOU WANT TO DOWNLOAD VIRUSES FROM THIS BULLETIN BOARD, JUST UPLOAD TO US AT

LEAST 1 VIRUS WHICH WE DON’T ALREADY HAVE. THEN YOU WILL BE GIVEN ACCESS TO THE

VIRUS AREA, WHERE YOU CAN FIND MANY LIVE VIRUSES, DOCUMENTED DISASSEMBLIES,

VIRUS DESCRIPTIONS, AND ORIGINAL VIRUS SOURCE COPIES! IF YOU CANNOT UPLOAD A

VIRUS, JUST ASK THE SYSOP [SYSTEM OPERATOR] AND HE WILL DECIDE IF HE WILL GIVE

YOU SOME VIRUSES.

 

The Dark Avenger made his first call on November 28, 1990, four weeks after the

bulletin board was set up. I’M GLAD TO SEE THAT THIS BOARD lS RUNNING, he wrote

Todorov. I’VE UPLOADED

A COUPLE OF VIRUSES TO YOU. I HOPE YOU WILL GIVE ME ACCESS TO THE VIRUS AREA.

To which Todorov replied, THANK YOU FOR THE

UPLOAD. YOUR SECURITY LEVEL HAS BEEN UPGRADED … AND YOU HAVE ACCESS TO THE

VIRUS AREA NOW. IF YOU FIND ANY OTHER VIRUSES, PLEASE UPLOAD THEM HERE.

 

When it was learned that the Dark Avenger frequented Todorov’s bulletin board,

other users began leaving messages for him.

 

HI. DARK AVENGER! WHERE HAVE YOU LEARNED PROGRAMMING?

 

AND WHAT DOES EDDIE LIVES MEAN? AND WHO IS DIANA P. ? IS SHE YOUR GIRLFRIEND OR

WHAT? The queries were from Yves P., a French virus writer. Free Raider posted

his salute on December 9th: Hl, BRILLIANT VIRUS WRITER. Another message said,

Hl, I’M ONE SYSOP OF THE INNERSOFT BULLETIN BOARD. SHOULD I CONSIDER MY BOARD

NOT POPULAR BECAUSE YOU DON T LIKE TO CALL IT? PLEASE GIVE IT A CALL.

 

The messages from his fans reflected the Dark Avenger’s new status: he had

become a star. In the two years since he created Eddie, he had become the

computer underworld’s most notorious virus writer. He had established a brand

identity: the Dark Avenger’s viruses were known to be the most destructive and

among the best engineered ever seen. His fame, as he knew, had spread

throughout Europe and to North America as well.

 

So it’s not surprising that he wanted to be treated like the star he was, and

reacted badly to criticism. In March 1991 he sent the following message to

Fidonet, the international bulletin board network: HELLO, ALL ANTIVIRUS

RESEARCHERS WHO ARE READING THIS MESSAGE. I AM GLAD TO INFORM YOU THAT MY

FRIENDS AND I ARE DEVELOPING A NEW VIRUS, THAT WILL MUTATE IN 1 OF

4,000,000,000 DIFFERENT WAYS! IT WILL NOT CONTAIN ANY CONSTANT INFORMATION. NO

VIRUS SCANNER CAN DETECT IT. THE VIRUS WILL HAVE MANY OTHER NEW FEATURES THAT

WILL MAKE IT COMPLETELY UNDETECTABLE AND VERY DESTRUCTIVE! Fidonet may not have

been the best outlet for his boasting: its users are mostly ethical computer

enthusiasts. The Dark Avenger received a flood of replies, from all over

Europe. Most were critical; some were abusive. The Dark Avenger replied

testily, I RECEIVED NO FRIENDLY REPLIES TO MY MESSAGE. THAT’S WHY I WILL NOT

REPLY TO ALL THESE MESSAGES SAYING “FUCK YOU.” THAT’S WHY I WILL NOT SAY

IY MORE ABOUT MY PLANS.

 

At thirty-one, Vesko Bontchev is surprisingly young looking, thin and somewhat

frail. He is a serious man who speaks deliberately and intensely about the

virus problem in Bulgaria. He lives with

his mother in a shabby five-story 1950s block on a characteristically grim East

European housing estate on the outskirts of Sofia. The apartment is large by

Bulgarian standards: Vesko has his own room.

 

Although he is unassuming, it is apparent that he is proud of his reputation as

the country’s foremost virus fighter and of his contacts with other researchers

in the West. His position is ensured by his oddly symbiotic relationship with

the Dark Avenger, one that almost parallels his earlier relationship with

Teodor. Because the Dark Avenger lives in Bulgaria, Vesko’s position as a

lecturer and researcher is secure. At the same time, Vesko contributes to the

Dark Avenger’s fame by publicizing his activities abroad. In a curious way the

two need each other.

 

Cynics who have noticed this have argued that if the Dark Avenger hadn’t

existed, it would have been in Vesko’s interest to have invented him. Some have

even theorized that the two are one and the same: that the quiet, intense virus

researcher has an alter ego—the demonic, heavymetal fan, the admirer of

Princess Diana, the virus writer called the Dark Avenger. The Avenger has

himself contributed to the notion: one of his viruses contains Vesko’s own

copyright notice, and every so often he teases Vesko. Once, the Dark Avenger

wrote: “To learn how to find out a program author by its code, or why

virus-writers are not dead yet, contact Mr. Vesselin Bontchev. So, never say

die! Eddie lives on and on and on …”

 

In an interview in a Bulgarian newspaper, Vesko was asked about the rumours.

“Can you give me the name of Dark Avenger?” the reporter queried.

 

“No.”

 

“Is it possibly you?”

 

“I have been asked similar questions both in the West and in the Soviet Union.

But it is not true.”

 

Despite the rumors, Vesko isn’t the Dark Avenger—but he does provide the

oxygen of publicity for the Bulgarian virus writer. It suits them both: for

Vesko, the Dark Avenger provides the raw material for his reports; for the Dark

Avenger, Vesko’s watchfulness ensures his own reputation as the demonic

scourge of computers.

 

The two young men—the hunter and the outlaw—are locked in an unfriendly

embrace. The relationship between the two is one of mutual distrust, which

neither attempts to disguise.