The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, vol 6 by Sir Richard Francis Burton (best novels for students txt) 📖

unclean sponge, not unknown in the “Turkish Baths” of London.

 

[FN#62] The Persians have a Plinian monster called “Tasmeh-p�”=Strap-legs without bones. The “Old Man” is not an ourang-outang nor an Ifr�t as in Sayf al-Mul�k, Night dcclxxi., but a jocose exaggeration of a custom prevailing in parts of Asia and especially in the African interior where the Tsetse-fly prevents the breeding of burden-beasts. Ibn Bat�tah tells us that in Malabar everything was borne upon men’s backs. In Central Africa the kinglet rides a slave, and on ceremonious occasions mounts his Prime Minister. I have often been reduced to this style of conveyance and found man the worst imaginable riding: there is no hold and the sharpness of the shoulder-ridge soon makes the legs ache intolerably. The classicists of course find the Shaykh of the Sea in the Tritons and Nereus, and Bochart (Hiero. ii. 858, 880) notices the homo aquaticus, Senex Jud�us and Senex Marinus.

Hole (p. 151) suggests the inevitable ouran-outan (man o’ wood), one of “our humiliating copyists,” and quotes “Destiny” in Scarron’s comical romance (Part ii. chapt. i) and “Jealousy”

enfolding Rinaldo. (O.F. lib. 42).

 

[FN#63] More literally “The Chief of the Sea (-Coast),” Shaykh being here a chief rather than an elder (eoldermann, alderman).

So the “Old Man of the Mountain,” famous in crusading days, was the Chief who lived on the Nusayriyah or Ans�ri range, a northern prolongation of the Libanus. Our “old man” of the text may have been suggested by the Koranic commentators on chapt. vi. When an Infidel rises from the grave, a hideous figure meets him and says, “Why wonderest thou at my loathsomeness? I am thine Evil Deeds: thou didst ride upon me in the world and now I will ride upon thee.” (Suiting the action to the words.) [FN#64] In parts of West Africa and especially in Gorilla-land there are many stories of women and children being carried off by apes, and all believe that the former bear issue to them. It is certain that the anthropoid ape is lustfully excited by the presence of women and I have related how at Cairo (1856) a huge cynocephalus would have raped a girl had it not been bayonetted.

Young ladies who visited the Demidoff Gardens and menagerie at Florence were often scandalised by the vicious exposure of the baboons’ parti-coloured persons. The female monkey equally solicits the attentions of man and I heard in India from my late friend, Mirza Ali Akbar of Bombay, that to his knowledge connection had taken place. Whether there would be issue and whether such issue would be viable are still disputed points: the produce would add another difficulty to the pseudo-science called psychology, as such mule would have only half a soul and issue by a congener would have a quarter-soul. A traveller well known to me once proposed to breed pithecoid men who might be useful as hewers of wood and drawers of water: his idea was to put the highest races of apes to the lowest of humanity. I never heard what became of his “breeding stables.”

 

[FN#65] Arab. “Jauz al-Hindi”: our word cocoa is from the Port.

“Coco,” meaning a “bug” (bugbear) in allusion to its caricature of the human face, hair, eyes and mouth. I may here note that a cocoa-tree is easily climbed with a bit of rope or a handkerchief.

 

[FN#66] Tomb-pictures in Egypt show tame monkeys gathering fruits and Grossier (Description of China, quoted by Hole and Lane) mentions a similar mode of harvesting tea by irritating the monkeys of the Middle Kingdom.

 

[FN#67] Bresl. Edit. Cloves and cinnamon in those days grew in widely distant places.

 

[FN#68] In pepper-plantations it is usual to set bananas (Musa Paradisiaca) for shading the young shrubs which bear bunches like ivy-fruit, not pods.

 

[FN#69] The Bresl. Edit. has “Al-Ma’arat.” Langl�s calls it the Island of Al-Kam�r�. See Lane, iii. 86.

 

[FN#70] Insula, pro. peninsula. “Comorin” is a corrupt. of “Kany�” (=Virgo, the goddess Durg�) and “Kum�ri” (a maid, a princess); from a temple of Shiva’s wife: hence Ptolemy’s {Greek letters} and near it to the N. East {Greek letters}, “Promontorium Cori quod Comorini caput insul� vocant,” says Maff�us (Hist. Indic. i. p. 16). In the text “Al’�d” refers to the eagle-wood (Aloekylon Agallochum) so called because spotted like the bird’s plume. That of Champa (Cochin-China, mentioned in Camoens, The Lus. x. 129) is still famous.

 

[FN#71] Arab. “Birkat”=tank, pool, reach, bight. Hence Birkat Far’aun in the Suez Gulf. (Pilgrimage i. 297.) [FN#72] Probably Cape Comorin; to judge from the river, but the text names Sarandib (Ceylon Island) famous for gems. This was noticed by Marco Polo, iii. cap. 19; and ancient authors relate the same of “Taprobane.”

 

[FN#73] I need hardly trouble the reader with a note on pearl-fisheries: the descriptions of travellers are continuous from the days of Pliny (ix. 35), Solinus (cap. 56) and Marco Polo (iii.

23). Maximilian of Transylvania, in his narrative of Magellan’s voyage (Novus Orbis, p. 532) says that the Celebes produce pearls big as turtle-doves’ eggs; and the King of Porne (Borneo) had two unions as great as goose’s eggs. Pigafetta (in Purchas) reduces this to hen’s eggs and Sir Thomas Herbert to dove’s eggs.

 

[FN#74] Arab. “Anbar” pronounced “Ambar;” wherein I would derive “Ambrosia.” Ambergris was long supposed to be a fossil, a vegetable which grew upon the sea-bottom or rose in springs; or a “substance produced in the water like naphtha or bitumen”(!): now it is known to be the egesta of a whale. It is found in lumps weighing several pounds upon the Zanzibar Coast and is sold at a high price, being held a potent aphrodisiac. A small hollow is drilled in the bottom of the cup and the coffee is poured upon the bit of ambergris it contains; when the oleaginous matter shows in dots amidst the “Kaymagh” (coffee-cream), the bubbly froth which floats upon the surface and which an expert “coffee servant” distributes equally among the guests. Argensola mentions in Ceylon, “springs of liquid bitumen thicker than our oil and some of pure balsam.”

 

[FN#75] The tale-teller forgets that Sindbad and his companions have just ascended it; but this incons�quence is a characteristic of the Eastern Saga. I may note that the description of ambergris in the text tells us admirably well what it is not.

 

[FN#76] This custom is alluded to by Lane (Mod Egypt, ch. xv.): it is the rule of pilgrims to Meccah when too ill to walk or ride (Pilgrimage i. 180). Hence all men carry their shrouds: mine, after being dipped in the Holy Water of Zemzem, was stolen from me by the rascally Somal of Berberah.

 

[FN#77] Arab. “Fulk;” some Edits. read “Kalak” and “Ramaz” (=a raft).

 

[FN#78] These lines occur in modified form in Night xi.

 

[FN#79] These underground rivers (which Dr. Livingstone derided) are familiar to every geographer from Spenser’s “Mole” to the Poika of Adelberg and the Timavo near Trieste. Hence “Peter Wilkins” borrowed his cavern which let him to Grandevolet. I have some experience of Sindbad’s sorrows, having once attempted to descend the Poika on foot. The Classics had the Alpheus (Pliny v.

31; and Seneca, Nat. Quae. vi.), and the Tigris-Euphrates supposed to flow underground: and the Medi�vals knew the Abana of Damascus and the Zender�d of Isfahan.

 

[FN#80] Abyssinians can hardly be called “blackamoors,” but the arrogance of the white skin shows itself in Easterns (e.g. Turks and Brahmans) as much as, if not more than, amongst Europeans.

Southern India at the time it was explored by Vasco da Gama was crowded with Abyssinian slaves imported by the Arabs.

 

[FN#81] “Sarandib” and “Ceylon” (the Taprobane of Ptolemy and Diodorus Siculus) derive from the Pali “Sihalam” (not the Sansk.

“Sinhala”) shortened to Silam and Ilam in old Tamul. Van der Tunk would find it in the Malay “Pulo Selam”=Isle of Gems (the Ratna-dw�pa or Jewel Isle of the Hindus and the Jazirat al-Yak�t or Ruby-Island of the Arabs); and the learned Colonel Yule (Marco Polo ii 296) remarks that we have adopted many Malayan names, e.g. Pegu, China and Japan. Sarandib is clearly “Selan-dw�pa,”

which Mandeville reduced to “Silha.”

 

[FN#82] This is the well-known Adam’s Peak, the Jabal al-Ramun of the Arabs where Adam fell when cast out of Eden in the lowest or lunar sphere. Eve fell at Jeddah (a modern myth) and the unhappy pair met at Mount Arafat (i.e. recognition) near Meccah. Thus their fall was a fall indeed. (Pilgrimage iii. 259.) [FN#83] He is the Alcinous of our Arabian Odyssey.

 

[FN#84] This word is not in the dictionaries; Hole (p. 192) and Lane understand it to mean the hog-deer; but why, one cannot imagine. The animal is neither “beautiful” nor “uncommon” and most men of my day have shot dozens in the Sind-Shik�rgahs.

 

[FN#85] M. Polo speaks of a ruby in Seilan (Ceylon) a palm long and three fingers thick: William of Tyre mentions a ruby weighing twelve Egyptian drams (Gibbon ii. 123), and Mandeville makes the King of Mammera wear about his neck a “rubye orient” one foot long by five fingers large.

 

[FN#86] The fable is from Al-Kazwini and Ibn Al-Wardi who place the serpent (an animal sacred to �sculapius, Pliny, xxix. 4) “in the sea of Zanj” (i.e. Zanzibar). In the “garrow hills” of N.

Eastern Bengal the skin of the snake Burrawar (?) is held to cure pain. (Asiat. Res. vol. iii.)

 

[FN#87] For “Emerald,” Hole (p. 177) would read emery or adamantine spar.

 

[FN#88] Evidently Mah�r�j=Great Rajah, Rajah in Chief, an Hindu title common to the three potentates before alluded to, the Narsinga, Balhara or Samiry.

 

[FN#89] This is probably classical. So the page said to Philip of Macedon every morning, “Remember, Philip, thou art mortal”; also the slave in the Roman Triumph,

 

“Respice poste te: hominem te esse memento!”

 

And the dying Severus, “Urnlet, soon shalt thou enclose what hardly a whole world could contain.” But the custom may also have been Indian: the contrast of external pomp with the real vanity of human life suggests itself to all.

 

[FN#90] Arab. “H�t”; a term applied to Jonah’s whale and to monsters of the deep, “Samak” being the common fishes.

 

[FN#91] Usually a two-bow prayer.

 

[FN#92] This is the recognised formula of Moslem sales.

 

[FN#93] Arab. “Wal�mah”; like our wedding-breakfast but a much more ceremonious and important affair.

 

[FN#94] i.e. his wife (euphemistically). I remember an Italian lady being much hurt when a Maltese said to her “Mia moglie � con rispetto parlando” (my wife, saving your presence). “What,” she cried, “he speaks of his wife as he would of the sweepings!”

 

[FN#95] The serpent in Arabic is mostly feminine.

 

[FN#96] i.e. in envying his wealth, with the risk of the evil eye.

 

[FN#97] I subjoin a translation of the Seventh Voyage from the Calc. Edit. of the two hundred Nights which differs in essential points from the above. All respecting Sindbad the Seaman has an especial interest. In one point this world-famous tale is badly ordered. The most exciting adventures are the earliest and the falling off of the interest has a somewhat depressing effect. The Rukh, the Ogre and the Old Man o’ the Sea should come last.

 

[FN#98] Arab. “Al-Suways:” this successor of ancient Arsino� was, according to local tradition, founded by a Santon from Al-S�s in Marocco who called it after his name “Little S�s” (the wormlet).

 

[FN#99] Arab. “Mann,” a weight varying from two to six pounds: even this common term is not found in the tables of Lane’s Mod.

Egyptians, Appendix B. The “Maund” is a well-known Anglo-Indian weight.

 

[FN#100] This article is not mentioned elsewhere in The Nights.

 

[FN#101] Apparently a fancy title.

 

[FN#102] The island is