The History Of Education by Ellwood P. Cubberley (epub e reader .txt) 📖

PART IV MODERN TIMES

THE ABOLITION OF PRIVILEGE; THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY; A NEW THEORY FOR

EDUCATION EVOLVED; THE STATE TAKES OVER THE SCHOOL

 

CHAPTER XIX. THE EIGHTEENTH A TRANSITION CENTURY

I. WORK OF THE BENEVOLENT DESPOTS OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE

II. THE UNSATISFIED DEMAND FOR REFORM IN FRANCE

III. ENGLAND THE FIRST DEMOCRATIC NATION

IV. INSTITUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN

AMERICA

V. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SWEEPS AWAY ANCIENT ABUSES

 

CHAPTER XX. THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL EDUCATION

I. NEW CONCEPTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE

II. THE NEW STATE THEORY IN FRANCE

III. THE NEW STATE THEORY IN AMERICA

 

CHAPTER XXI. A NEW THEORY AND SUBJECT-MATTER FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

I. THE NEW THEORY STATED

II. GERMAN ATTEMPTS TO WORK OUT A NEW THEORY

III. THE WORK AND INFLUENCE OF PESTALOZZI IV. REDIRECTION OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

 

CHAPTER XXII. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN PRUSSIA I. THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL ORGANIZATION

II. A STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM AT LAST CREATED

 

CHAPTER XXIII. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE AND ITALY

I. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE

II. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN ITALY

 

CHAPTER XXIV. THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN ENGLAND

I. THE CHARITABLE-VOLUNTARY BEGINNINGS

II. THE PERIOD OF PHILANTHROPIC EFFORT (1800-33) III. THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL EDUCATION

IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SYSTEM

 

CHAPTER XXV. AWAKENING AN EDUCATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE UNITED STATES

I. EARLY NATIONAL ATTITUDES AND INTERESTS

II. AWAKENING AN EDUCATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

III. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES

IV. ALIGNMENT OF INTERESTS, AND PROPAGANDA CHAPTER XXVI. THE AMERICAN BATTLE FOR FREE STATE SCHOOLS

I. THE BATTLE FOR TAX SUPPORT

II. THE BATTLE TO ELIMINATE THE PAUPER-SCHOOL IDEA III. THE BATTLE TO MAKE THE SCHOOLS ENTIRELY FREE

IV. THE BATTLE TO ESTABLISH SCHOOL SUPERVISION

V. THE BATTLE TO ELIMINATE SECTARIANISM

VI. THE BATTLE TO ESTABLISH THE AMERICAN HIGH SCHOOL

VII. THE STATE UNIVERSITY CROWNS THE SYSTEM

 

CHAPTER XXVII. EDUCATION BECOMES A GREAT NATIONAL TOOL

I. SPREAD OF THE STATE-CONTROL IDEA II. NEW MODIFYING FORCES

III. EFFECT OF THESE CHANGES ON EDUCATION

 

CHAPTER XXVIII. NEW CONCEPTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

I. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION

II. NEW IDEAS FROM HERBARTIAN SOURCES

III. THE KINDERGARTEN, PLAY, AND MANUAL ACTIVITIES

IV. THE ADDITION OF SCIENCE STUDY

V. SOCIAL MEANING OF THESE CHANGES

 

CHAPTER XXIX. NEW TENDENCIES AND EXPANSIONS

I. POLITICAL

II. SCIENTIFIC

III. VOCATIONAL

IV. SOCIOLOGICAL

V. THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION

 

CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE

 

LIST OF PLATES

 

1. THE CLOISTERS OF A MONASTERY, NEAR FLORENCE, ITALY

2. THE LIBRARY OF THE CHURCH OF SAINT WALLBERG, AT ZUTPHEN, HOLLAND

3. SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS

4. A LECTURE ON THEOLOGY BY ALBERTUS MAGNUS

5. STRATFORD-ON-AVON GRAMMAR SCHOOL

6. EDUCATIONAL LEADERS IN PROTESTANT GERMANY

7. THE FREE SCHOOL AT HARROW

8. MAP SHOWING THE SPREAD OF JESUIT SCHOOLS IN NORTHERN TERRITORY BY THE

YEAR 1725

9. TWO TABLETS ON THE WEST GATEWAY AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY

10. JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (1592-1670)

11. JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI

12. FELLENBERG’S INSTITUTE AT HOFWYL

13. TWO LEADERS IN THE REGENERATION OF PRUSSIA 14. FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT (1787-1874) 15. JOHN POUNDS’ RAGGED SCHOOL AT PORTSMOUTH

16. AN ENGLISH VILLAGE VOLUNTARY SCHOOL

17. TWO LEADERS IN THE EDUCATIONAL AWAKENING IN THE UNITED STATES

18. TWO LEADERS IN THE REORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL THEORY

 

LIST OF FIGURES

 

1. THE GREEK CONCEPTION OF THE WORLD

2. ANCIENT GREECE AND THE AEGEAN WORLD

3. THE CITY-STATE OF ATTICA

4. DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION OF ATHENS AND ATTICA, ABOUT 430 B.C.

5. A GREEK BOY

6. AN ATHENIAN INSCRIPTION

7. GREEK WRITING-MATERIALS

8. A GREEK COUNTING-BOARD

9. AN ATHENIAN SCHOOL

10. GREEK SCHOOL LESSONS

11. GROUND-PLAN OF THE GYMNASIUM AT EPHESOS, IN ASIA MINOR

12. SOCRATES (469-399 B.C.)

13. EVOLUTION OF THE GREEK UNIVERSITY

14. THE GREEK UNIVERSITY WORLD

15. THE KNOWN WORLD ABOUT 150 A.D.

16. THE EARLY PEOPLES OF ITALY, AND THE EXTENSION OF THE ROMAN POWER

17. THE PRINCIPAL ROMAN ROADS

18. THE GREAT EXTENT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

19. A ROMAN FATHER INSTRUCTING HIS SON

20. CATO THE ELDER (234-148 B.C.)

21. ROMAN WRITING-MATERIALS

22. A ROMAN COUNTING-BOARD

23. A ROMAN PRIMARY SCHOOL

24. A ROMAN SCHOOL OF RHETORIC

25. THE ROMAN VOLUNTARY EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, AS FINALLY EVOLVED

26. ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET

27. THE GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY TO THE END OF THE FOURTH CENTURY

28. A BISHOP

29. A BENEDICTINE MONK, ABBOT, AND ABBESS

30. SHOWING THE FINAL DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE AND THE CHURCH

31. A BODYGUARD OF GERMANS

32. THE GERMAN MIGRATIONS

33. THE KNOWN WORLD IN 800

34. A GERMAN WAR CHIEF

35. ROMANS DESTROYING A GERMAN VILLAGE

36. A PAGE OF THE GOTHIC GOSPELS

37. A TYPICAL MONASTERY OF SOUTHERN EUROPE

38. BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF A MEDIEVAL MONASTERY

39. INITIAL LETTER FROM AN OLD MANUSCRIPT

40. A MONK IN A SCRIPTORIUM

41. CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE, AND THE IMPORTANT MONASTERIES OF THE TIME

42. WHERE THE DANES RAVAGED ENGLAND

43. AN OUTER MONASTIC SCHOOL

44. THE MEDIAEVAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION SUMMARIZED

45. A SCHOOL: A LESSON IN GRAMMAR

46. AN ANGLO-SAXON MAP OF THE WORLD

47. AN EARLY CHURCH MUSICIAN

48. A SQUIRE BEING KNIGHTED

49. A KNIGHT OF THE TIME OF THE FIRST CRUSADE

50. EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

51. SHOWING CENTERS OF MOSLEM LEARNING

52. ARISTOTLE

53. THE CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, AT PARIS

54. THE CITY-STATES OF NORTHERN ITALY

55. FRAGMENT FROM THE RECOVERED “DIGEST” OF JUSTINIAN

56. THE FATHER OF MEDICINE, HIPPOCRATES OF COS

57. A PILGRIM OF THE MIDDLE AGES

58. A TYPICAL MEDIAEVAL TOWN (PRUSSIAN) 59. THE EDUCATIONAL PYRAMID

60. TRADE ROUTES AND COMMERCIAL CITIES

61. SHOWING LOCATION OF THE CHIEF UNIVERSITIES FOUNDED BEFORE 1600

62. SEAL OF A DOCTOR, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS

63. NEW COLLEGE, AT OXFORD

64. A LECTURE ON CIVIL LAW BY GUILLAUME BENEDICTI 65. LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LEYDEN, IN HOLLAND

66. A UNIVERSITY DISPUTATION

67. A UNIVERSITY LECTURE AND LECTURE ROOM

68. PETRARCH (1304-74)

69. BOCCACCIO (1313-75)

70. DEMETRIUS CHALCONDYLES (1424-1511) 71. BOOKCASE AND DESK IN THE MEDICEAN LIBRARY AT FLORENCE

72. TWO EARLY NORTHERN HUMANISTS

73. AN EARLY SIXTEENTH-CENTURY PRESS

74. AN EARLY SPECIMEN OF CAXTON’S PRINTING

75. THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO CHRISTIAN EUROPE BEFORE COLUMBUS

76. SAINT ANTONINUS AND HIS SCHOLARS

77. TWO EARLY ITALIAN HUMANIST EDUCATORS

78. GUILLAUME BUDAEUS (1467-1540)

79. COLL�GE DE FRANCE

80. JOHANN REUCHLIN (1455-1522)

81. JOHANN STURM (1507-89)

82. DESIDERIUS ERASMUS (1467-1536)

83. SAINT PAUL’S SCHOOL, LONDON

84. GIGGLESWICK GRAMMAR SCHOOL

85. THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN STUDIES

86. JOHN WYCLIFFE (1320?-84)

87. RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN BOHEMIA

88. SHOWING THE RESULTS OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLTS

89. HULDREICH ZWINGLI (1487-1531)

90. JOHN CALVIN (1509-64)

91. A FRENCH PROTESTANT (c. 1600)

92. TWO EARLY VERNACULAR SCHOOLS

93. THE FIRST PAGE OF WYCLIFFE’S BIBLE

94. LUTHER GIVING INSTRUCTION

95. JOHANNES BUGENHAGEN (1485-1558)

96. EVOLUTION OF GERMAN STATE SCHOOL CONTROL

97. A CHAINED BIBLE

98. A FRENCH SCHOOL OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

99. A DUTCH VILLAGE SCHOOL

100. JOHN KNOX (1505?-72)

101. IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA (1491-1556)

102. PLAN OF A JESUIT SCHOOLROOM

103. AN URSULINE

104. A SCHOOL OF LA SALLE AT PARIS, 1688

105. THE BROTHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS BY 1792

106. TENDENCIES IN EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE, 1500 TO 1700

107. MAP SHOWING THE RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA 108. HOMES OF THE PILGRIMS, AND THEIR ROUTE TO AMERICA 109. NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENTS, 1660

110. THE BOSTON LATIN GRAMMAR SCHOOL

111. WHERE YALE COLLEGE WAS FOUNDED

112. AN OLD QUAKER MEETING-HOUSE AND SCHOOL AT LAMPETER, PENNSYLVANIA 113. NICHOLAS KOPERNIK (COPERNICUS) (1473-1543) 114. TYCHO BRAKE (1546-1601)

115. GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)

116. SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)

117. WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657)

118. FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

119. THE LOSS AND RECOVERY OF THE SCIENCES

120. REN� DESCARTES (1596-1650)

121. FRANCOIS RABELAIS (1483-1553)

122. JOHN MILTON (1608-74)

123. MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE (1533-92)

124. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)

125. AN ACADEMIE DES ARMES

126. A SAMPLE PAGE FROM THE “ORBIS PICTUS”

127. PART OF A PAGE FROM A LATIN-ENGLISH EDITION OF THE “VESTIBULUM”

128. AUGUSTUS HERMANN FRANCKE (1663-1727) 129. A FRENCH SCHOOL BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

130. A HORN BOOK

131. THE WESTMINSTER CATECHISM

132. THOMAS DILWORTH (?-1780)

133. FRONTISPIECE TO NOAH WEBSTER’S “AMERICAN SPELLING BOOK”

134. TITLE-PAGE OF HODDER’S ARITHMETIC

135. A “CHRISTIAN BROTHERS” SCHOOL

136. AN ENGLISH DAME SCHOOL

137. GRAVEL LANE CHARITY-SCHOOL, SOUTHWARK

138. A CHARITY-SCHOOL GIRL IN UNIFORM

139. A CHARITY-SCHOOL BOY IN UNIFORM

140. ADVERTISEMENT FOR A TEACHER TO LET

141. A SCHOOL WHIPPING-POST

142. AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GERMAN SCHOOL

143. CHILDREN AS MINIATURE ADULTS

144. A PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY

145. FREDERICK THE GREAT

146. MARIA THERESA

147. MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755)

148. TURGOT (1727-81)

149. VOLTAIRE (1694-1778)

150. DIDEROT (1713-84)

151. JOHN WESLEY (1707-82)

152. NATIONALITY OF THE WHITE POPULATION, AS SHOWN BY THE FAMILY NAMES

IN THE CENSUS OF 1790

153. THE STATES-GENERAL IN SESSION AT VERSAILLES

154. ROUSSEAU (1712-78)

155. LA CHALOTAIS (1701-83)

156. ROLLAND (1734-93)

157. COUNT DE MIRABEAU (1749-91)

158. TALLEYRAND (1758-1838)

159. CONDORCET (1743-94)

160. THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE

161. LAKANAL (1762-1845)

162. THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826)

163. THE ROUSSEAU MONUMENT AT GENEVA

164. BASEDOW (1723-90)

165. IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

166. THE SCENE OF PESTALOZZI’S LABORS

167. FELLENBERG (1771-1844)

168. THE SCHOOL OF A HANDWORKER

169. THE KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA, 1740-86

170. A GERMAN LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SCHOOL

171. DINTER (1760-1831)

172. DIESTERWEG (1790-1866)

173. THE PRUSSIAN STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM CREATED

174. AN OLD FOUNDATION TRANSFORMED

175. COUNT DE FOURCROY (1755-1809)

176. VICTOR COUSIN (1792-1867)

177. OUTLINE OF THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE FRENCH STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM

178. EUROPE IN 1810

179. THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY, SINCE 1848

180. COUNT OF CAVOUR (1810-61)

181. OUTLINE OF THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE ITALIAN STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM

182. A RAGGED-SCHOOL PUPIL

183. ADAM SMITH (1723-90)

184. THE REVEREND T. R. MALTHUS (1766-1834) 185. THE CREATORS OF THE MONITORIAL SYSTEM

186. THE LANCASTRIAN MODEL SCHOOL IN BOROUGH ROAD, SOUTH-WARE, LONDON

187. MONITORS TEACHING READING AT “STATIONS”

188. PROPER MONITORIAL-SCHOOL POSITIONS

189. ROBERT OWEN (1771-1858)

190. LORD BROUGHAM (1778-1868)

191. AN ENGLISH VILLAGE SCHOOL IN 1840

192. EXPENDITURE FROM THE EDUCATION GRANTS, 1839-70

193. LORD T. B. MACAULAY (1800-59)

194. WORK OF THE SCHOOL BOARDS IN PROVIDING SCHOOL ACCOMMODATIONS

195. THE ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AS FINALLY EVOLVED

196. THE FIRST SCHOOLHOUSE BUILT BY THE FREE SCHOOL SOCIETY IN NEW YORK

CITY

197. “MODEL” SCHOOL BUILDING OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SOCIETY

198. EVOLUTION OF THE ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

SYSTEM

199. DATES OF THE GRANTING OF FULL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE

200. THE FIRST FREE PUBLIC SCHOOL IN DETROIT

201. THE PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL ELECTIONS OF 1835

202. THE NEW YORK REFERENDUM OF 1850

203. STATUS OF SCHOOL SUPERVISION IN THE UNITED STATES BY 1861

204. A TYPICAL NEW ENGLAND ACADEMY

205. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES

206. THE FIRST HIGH SCHOOL IN THE UNITED STATES

207. HIGH SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES BY 1860

208. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES ESTABLISHED BY 1860

209. THE AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL LADDER

210. THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF DENMARK

211. THE PROGRESS OF LITERACY IN EUROPE BY THE CLOSE OF THE NINETEENTH

CENTURY

212. THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

213. THE JAPANESE TWO-CLASS SCHOOL SYSTEM

214. THE CHINESE EDUCATIONAL LADDER

215. BARON JUSTUS VON LIEBIG (1803-73)

216. CHARLES DARWIN (1809-82)

217. LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-95)

218. MAN POWER BEFORE THE DAYS OF STEAM

219. THRESHING WHEAT A CENTURY AGO

220. A CITY WATER-SUPPLY, ABOUT 1830

221. THE GREAT TRADE ROUTES OF THE MODERN WORLD

222. AN EXAMPLE OF THE SHIFTING OF OCCUPATIONS

223. THE PHILIPPINE SCHOOL SYSTEM

224. THE FIRST MODERN NORMAL SCHOOL

225. TEACHER-TRAINING IN THE UNITED STATES BY 1860

226. EVOLUTION OF THE ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL CURRICULUM, AND OF METHODS OF

TEACHING

227. AN “USHER” AND HIS CLASS

228. REDIRECTED MANUAL TRAINING

229. HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)

230. THOMAS