Unconscious Memory(Fiscle Part-3) by Samuel Butler (best novels ever .TXT) 📖
- Author: Samuel Butler
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I. A Mere Necessary Consequence Of Bodily Organisation. {92b}
Ii. A Mechanism Of Brain Or Mind Contrived By Nature.
Iii. The Outcome Of An Unconscious Activity Of Mind.
In Neither Of The Two First Cases Is There Any Scope For The Idea Of
Purpose; In The Third, Purpose Must Be Present Immediately Before The
Action. In The Two First Cases, Action Is Supposed To Be Brought
About By Means Of An Initial Arrangement, Either Of Bodily Or Mental
Mechanism, Purpose Being Conceived Of As Existing On A Single
Occasion Only--That Is To Say, In The Determination Of The Initial
Arrangement. In The Third, Purpose Is Conceived As Present In Every
Individual Instance. Let Us Proceed To The Consideration Of These
Three Cases.
Instinct Is Not A Mere Consequence Of Bodily Organisation; For -
(A.) Bodies May Be Alike, Yet They May Be Endowed With Different
Instincts.
All Spiders Have The Same Spinning Apparatus, But One Kind Weaves
Radiating Webs, Another Irregular Ones, While A Third Makes None At
All, But Lives In Holes, Whose Walls It Overspins, And Whose Entrance
It Closes With A Door. Almost All Birds Have A Like Organisation For
The Construction Of Their Nests (A Beak And Feet), But How Infinitely
Do Their Nests Vary In Appearance, Mode Of Construction, Attachment
To Surrounding Objects (They Stand, Are Glued On, Hang, &C.),
Selection Of Site (Caves, Holes, Corners, Forks Of Trees, Shrubs, The
Ground), And Excellence Of Workmanship; How Often, Too, Are They Not
Varied In The Species Of A Single Genus, As Of Parus. Many Birds,
Moreover, Build No Nest At All. The Difference In The Songs Of Birds
Are In Like Manner Independent Of The Special Construction Of Their
Voice Apparatus, Nor Do The Modes Of Nest Construction That Obtain
Among Ants And Bees Depend Upon Their Bodily Organisation.
Organisation, As A General Rule, Only Renders The Bird Capable Of
Singing, As Giving It An Apparatus With Which To Sing At All, But It
Has Nothing To Do With The Specific Character Of The Execution . . .
The Nursing, Defence, And Education Of Offspring Cannot Be Considered
As In Any Way More Dependent Upon Bodily Organisation; Nor Yet The
Sites Which Insects Choose For The Laying Of Their Eggs; Nor, Again,
The Selection Of Deposits Of Spawn, Of Their Own Species, By Male
Fish For Impregnation. The Rabbit Burrows, The Hare Does Not, Though
Both Have The Same Burrowing Apparatus. The Hare, However, Has Less
Need Of A Subterranean Place Of Refuge By Reason Of Its Greater
Swiftness. Some Birds, With Excellent Powers Of Flight, Are
Nevertheless Stationary In Their Habits, As The Secretary Falcon And
Certain Other Birds Of Prey; While Even Such Moderate Fliers As
Quails Are Sometimes Known To Make Very Distant Migrations.
(B.) Like Instincts May Be Found Associated With Unlike Organs.
Chapter 8 Pg 87Birds With And Without Feet Adapted For Climbing Live In Trees; So
Also Do Monkeys With And Without Flexible Tails, Squirrels, Sloths,
Pumas, &C. Mole-Crickets Dig With A Well-Pronounced Spade Upon Their
Fore-Feet, While The Burying-Beetle Does The Same Thing Though It Has
No Special Apparatus Whatever. The Mole Conveys Its Winter Provender
In Pockets, An Inch Wide, Long And Half An Inch Wide Within Its
Cheeks; The Field-Mouse Does So Without The Help Of Any Such
Contrivance. The Migratory Instinct Displays Itself With Equal
Strength In Animals Of Widely Different Form, By Whatever Means They
May Pursue Their Journey, Whether By Water, Land, Or Air.
It Is Clear, Therefore, That Instinct Is In Great Measure Independent
Of Bodily Organisation. Granted, Indeed, That A Certain Amount Of
Bodily Apparatus Is A Sine Qua Non For Any Power Of Execution At All-
-As, For Example, That There Would Be No Ingenious Nest Without
Organs More Or Less Adapted For Its Construction, No Spinning Of A
Web Without Spinning Glands--Nevertheless, It Is Impossible To
Maintain That Instinct Is A Consequence Of Organisation. The Mere
Existence Of The Organ Does Not Constitute Even The Smallest
Incentive To Any Corresponding Habitual Activity. A Sensation Of
Pleasure Must At Least Accompany The Use Of The Organ Before Its
Existence Can Incite To Its Employment. And Even So When A Sensation
Of Pleasure Has Given The Impulse Which Is To Render It Active, It Is
Only The Fact Of There Being Activity At All, And Not The Special
Characteristics Of The Activity, That Can Be Due To Organisation.
The Reason For The Special Mode Of The Activity Is The Very Problem
That We Have To Solve. No One Will Call The Action Of The Spider
Instinctive In Voiding The Fluid From Her Spinning Gland When It Is
Too Full, And Therefore Painful To Her; Nor That Of The Male Fish
When It Does What Amounts To Much The Same Thing As This. The
Instinct And The Marvel Lie In The Fact That The Spider Spins
Threads, And Proceeds To Weave Her Web With Them, And That The Male
Fish Will Only Impregnate Ova Of His Own Species.
Another Proof That The Pleasure Felt In The Employment Of An Organ Is
Wholly Inadequate To Account For This Employment Is To Be Found In
The Fact That The Moral Greatness Of Instinct, The Point In Respect
Of Which It Most Commands Our Admiration, Consists In The Obedience
Paid To Its Behests, To The Postponement Of All Personal Well-Being,
And At The Cost, It May Be, Of Life Itself. If The Mere Pleasure Of
Relieving Certain Glands From Overfulness Were The Reason Why
Caterpillars Generally Spin Webs, They Would Go On Spinning Until
They Had Relieved These Glands, But They Would Not Repair Their Work
As Often As Any One Destroyed It, And Do This Again And Again Until
They Die Of Exhaustion. The Same Holds Good With The Other Instincts
That At First Sight Appear To Be Inspired Only By A Sensation Of
Pleasure; For If We Change The Circumstances, So As To Put Self-
Sacrifice In The Place Of Self-Interest, It Becomes At Once Apparent
That They Have A Higher Source Than This. We Think, For Example,
That Birds Pair For The Sake Of Mere Sexual Gratification; Why, Then,
Do They Leave Off Pairing As Soon As They Have Laid The Requisite
Number Of Eggs? That There Is A Reproductive Instinct Over And Above
The Desire For Sexual Gratification Appears From The Fact That If A
Man Takes An Egg Out Of The Nest, The Birds Will Come Together Again
Chapter 8 Pg 88And The Hen Will Lay Another Egg; Or, If They Belong To Some Of The
More Wary Species, They Will Desert Their Nest, And Make Preparation
For An Entirely New Brood. A Female Wryneck, Whose Nest Was Daily
Robbed Of The Egg She Laid In It, Continued To Lay A New One, Which
Grew Smaller And Smaller, Till, When She Had Laid Her Twenty-Ninth
Egg, She Was Found Dead Upon Her Nest. If An Instinct Cannot Stand
The Test Of Self-Sacrifice--If It Is The Simple Outcome Of A Desire
For Bodily Gratification--Then It Is No True Instinct, And Is Only So
Called Erroneously.
Instinct Is Not A Mechanism Of Brain Or Mind Implanted In Living
Beings By Nature; For, If It Were, Then Instinctive Action Without
Any, Even Unconscious, Activity Of Mind, And With No Conception
Concerning The Purpose Of The Action, Would Be Executed Mechanically,
The Purpose Having Been Once For All Thought Out By Nature Or
Providence, Which Has So Organised The Individual That It Acts
Henceforth As A Purely Mechanical Medium. We Are Now Dealing With A
Psychical Organisation As The Cause Instinct, As We Were Above
Dealing With A Physical. Psychical Organisation Would Be A
Conceivable Explanation And We Need Look No Farther If Every Instinct
Once Belonging To An Animal Discharged Its Functions In An Unvarying
Manner. But This Is Never Found To Be The Case, For Instincts Vary
When There Arises A Sufficient Motive For Varying Them. This Proves
That Special Exterior Circumstances Enter Into The Matter, And That
These Circumstances Are The Very Things That Render The Attainment Of
The Purpose Possible Through Means Selected By The Instinct. Here
First Do We Find Instinct Acting As Though It Were Actually Design
With Action Following At Its Heels, For Until The Arrival Of The
Motive, The Instinct Remains Late And Discharges No Function
Whatever. The Motive Enters By Way Of An Idea Received Into The Mind
Through The Instrumentality Of The Senses, And There Is A Constant
Connection Between Instinct In Action And All Sensual Images Which
Give Information That An Opportunity Has Arisen For Attaining The
Ends Proposed To Itself By The Instinct.
The Psychical Mechanism Of This Constant Connection Must Also Be
Looked For. It May Help Us Here To Turn To The Piano For An
Illustration. The Struck Keys Are The Motives, The Notes That Sound
In Consequence Are The Instincts In Action. This Illustration Might
Perhaps Be Allowed To Pass (If We Also Suppose That Entirely
Different Keys Can Give Out The Same Sound) If Instincts Could Only
Be Compared With Distinctly Tuned Notes, So That One And The Same
Instinct Acted Always In The Same Manner On The Rising Of The Motive
Which Should Set It In Action. This, However, Is Not So; For It Is
The Blind Unconscious Purpose Of The Instinct That Is Alone Constant,
The Instinct Itself--That Is To Say, The Will To Make Use Of Certain
Means--Varying As The Means That Can Be Most Suitably Employed Vary
Under Varying Circumstances.
In This We Condemn The Theory Which Refuses To Recognise Unconscious
Purpose As Present In Each Individual Case Of Instinctive Action.
For He Who Maintains Instinct To Be The Result Of A Mechanism Of
Mind, Must Suppose A Special And Constant Mechanism For Each
Variation And Modification Of The Instinct In Accordance With
Chapter 8 Pg 89Exterior Circumstances, {97} That Is To Say, A New String Giving A
Note With A New Tone Must Be Inserted, And This Would Involve The
Mechanism In Endless Complication. But The Fact That The Purpose Is
Constant Notwithstanding All Manner Of Variation In The Means Chosen
By The Instinct, Proves That There Is No Necessity
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