GDPR Articles With Commentary & EU Case Laws by Adv. Prashant Mali (best novels to read for beginners txt) 📖

Applicable to processors not established in the Union if data subjects within the Union are profiled; (25) Applicable to processors due to international law.

 

COMMENTARY

The GDPR will apply to organizations which have EU “establishments”, where personal data are processed “in the context of the activities” of such an establishment. If this test is met, the GDPR applies irrespective of whether the actual data processing takes place in the EU or not. “Establishment” was considered by the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) in the 2015 case of Weltimmo v/s NAIH (C-230/14). This confirmed that establishment is a “broad” and “flexible” phrase that should not hinge on legal form. An organisation may be “established” where it exercises “any real and effective activity – even a minimal one”

– through “stable arrangements” in the EU. The presence of a single representative may be sufficient. In that case, Weltimmo was considered to be established in Hungary as a result of the use of a website in Hungarian which advertised Hungarian properties (which meant that, as a consequence, it was considered “mainly or entirely directed at that Member State”), use of a local agent (who was responsible for local debt collection and acted as a representative in administrative and judicial proceedings), and use of a Hungarian postal address and bank account for business purposes – notwithstanding that Weltimmo was incorporated in Slovakia.

Organisations which have EU sales offices, which promote or sell advertising or marketing targeting EU residents will likely be subject to the GDPR – since the associated processing of personal data is considered to be “inextricably linked” to and thus carried out “in the context of the activities of” those EU establishments (Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v AEPD, Mario Costeja Gonzaalez (C-131/12)).

 

Non-EU “established” organisations who target or monitor EU data subjects

Non-EU established organisations will be subject to the GDPR where they process personal data about EU data subjects in connection with:

the “offering of goods or services” (payment is not required); or

“monitoring” their behaviour within the EU.

For offering of goods and services (but not monitoring), mere accessibility of a site from within the EU is not sufficient. It must be apparent that the organisation “envisages” that activities will be directed to EU data subjects. Contact addresses accessible from the EU and the use of a language used in the controller’s own country are also not sufficient. However, the use of an EU language/currency, the ability to place orders in that other language and references to EU users or customers will be relevant.

The CJEU has examined when an activity (such as offering goods and services) will be considered “directed to” EU Member States in a separate context (i.e. under the “Brussels 1” Regulation (44/2001/EC) governing “jurisdiction...in civil and commercial matters”). Its comments are likely to aid interpretation under this similar aspect of the GDPR. In addition to the considerations mentioned above, the CJEU notes that an intention to target EU customers may be illustrated by: (1)

“patent” evidence, such as the payment of money to a search engine to facilitate access by those within a Member State or where targeted Member States are designated by name; and (2) other factors – possibly in combination with each other

including the “international nature” of the relevant activity (e.g. certain tourist activities), mentions of telephone numbers with an international code, use of a top- level domain name other than that of the state in which the trader is established (such as .de or .eu), the description of “itineraries...from Member States to the place where the service is provided” and mentions of an “international clientele composed of customers domiciled in various Member States”. This list is not exhaustive and the question should be determined on a case-by-case basis (Pammer v/s Reederei Karl Schluter GmbH & Co and Hotel Alpenhof v/s Heller (Joined cases (C-585/08) and (C-144/09)).

It is not clear whether non-EU organisations offering goods and services to EU businesses (as opposed to individuals) will fall within the scope of the “offering goods and services” test in Article 3(2)(a). Monitoring” specifically includes the tracking of individuals online to create profiles, including where this is used to take decisions to analyse/predict personal preferences, behaviours and attitudes. Organisations subject to the GDPR’s long-arm jurisdictional reach must appoint an EU-based representative.

Under the Data Protection Directive, organisations targeting EU data subjects only had to comply with EU rules if they also made use of “equipment” in the EU to process personal data. This led national supervisory authorities, who were seeking to assert jurisdiction, to develop arguments that the placing of cookies, or requesting users to fill in forms, would amount to the use of “equipment” in the EU. It will now be easier to demonstrate that EU law applies. (Although, where organisations have no EU presence, enforcement may be just as difficult as before).

 

Exclusions

Certain activities fall entirely outside the GDPR’s scope (listed below):

In addition, the GDPR acknowledges that data protection rights are not absolute and must be balanced (proportionately) with other rights – including the “freedom to conduct a business”. (For the ability of Member States to introduce exemptions, see section on derogations and special conditions). As the GDPR toughens up many areas of data protection, introducing more new sticks than regulatory carrots, businesses may find it helpful to bookmark this statement in Recital 4 in case of future need.

The GDPR does not apply to the processing of personal data (these general exemptions are very similar to the equivalent provisions included in the Data Protection Directive):

in respect of activities which fall outside the scope of EU law (e.g. activities concerning national security);

in relation to the EU’s common foreign and security policy;

by competent authorities for the purpose of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences and associated matters (i.e. where the Law Enforcement Agencies (“LEA”) Directive, which was adopted as EU 2016/618 on 26 April 2016 now applies);

by EU institutions, where Regulation 45/2001/EC will continue to apply instead of the GDPR. This Regulation is to be updated to ensure consistency with the GDPR; and

by a natural person as part of a “purely personal or household activity”. This covers correspondence and the holding of address books – but it also now covers social networking and online activities undertaken for social and domestic purposes. It represents a possible widening of the exemption from the principles set out in Bodil Lindqvist (C-101/01), before the advent of social media. In this case, the CJEU noted that sharing data with the Internet at large “so that those data are made accessible to an indefinite number of people” could not fall within this exemption, which it stated should be limited to activities “carried out in the course of the private or family life of individuals”. Note also that the GDPR will remain applicable to controllers and processors who “provide the means for processing” which falls within this exemption.

The GDPR is stated to be “without prejudice” to the rules in the E-commerce Directive (2000/31/EC), in particular to those concerning the liability of “intermediary service providers” (and which purport to limit their exposure to pecuniary and criminal liability where they merely host, cache or act as a “mere conduit”). The relationship with the E-commerce Directive is not straightforward – as that Directive states that issues relating to the processing of personal data are excluded from its scope and “solely governed” by relevant data protection legislation. The two can be read consistently if one assumes that the liability of ISPs for the actions of users will be determined by the E-commerce Directive, but that other matters (such as obligations to erase or rectify data, or obligations on an ISP concerning its own uses of personal data) will be governed by the GDPR. However, the point is not clear.

Determining an organization’s applicability under the General Data Protection Regulation is a complex topic, and many are left a bit confused while researching applicability under the monumental regulation. Oftentimes, there’s conflicting information as to whether it applies to a specific organization. The expansive coverage of the GDPR by itself can intimidating, but, by breaking down the fundamentals into smaller, more manageable sections, we can start making better decisions on its applicability and craft a compliance framework based on a solid foundation. Before we jump into the requirements, it’s important to note that this criteria below is applicable to organizations even where the processing of personal data takes place outside of the EU. Due to that international reach, one cannot simply avoid GDPR obligations because they are outside the jurisdiction of the EU. So, let’s begin to dissect the parts of Article 3 and its provisions under "territorial scope" to get a better understanding of how GDPR classifies an "in-scope"

organization, along with the two conditions that decide the applicability of an organization in the eyes of the regulation.

 

Criterion 1: If your business is offering goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the data subject is required, to such data subjects in the EU

The definition of "offering of goods and services" isn’t extraordinarily specific when referring to Article 3. In general, websites are globally accessible. So, would that mean your business is, by default, offering goods and services to EU citizens? Looking further into the GDPR’s clarification under Recital 23 provides a better perception of how it's interpreted according to the regulation.

According to the above text from the GDPR, organizations may demonstrate "intention of offering goods and services" to EU citizens under the following circumstances:

The organization provides the option to interact with the website in the native language and currency of an EU Member State; and/or

The organization advertises its customers or users (i.e. testimonials) that are in based in the union with the goal of appealing to other users in the same locality.

The Court Justice of the European Union offers good clarification on the topic of “intention” in relation to offering your product to EU citizens, and how it can be demonstrated under the following conditions:

“Patent” evidence, such as the payment of money to a search engine to facilitate access by those within a member state or where targeted member states are designated by name;

Other factors — possibly in combination with each other — including the “international nature” of the relevant activity (e.g. certain tourist activities), mentions of telephone numbers with an international code, use of a top-level domain name other than that of the state in which the trader is established (such as .de or .eu), the description of “itineraries ... from member states to the place where the service is provided,” and mentions of an “international clientele composed of customers domiciled in various member states.”

Drawing from the main points in the above statements, it should be noted that organizations should further examine their obligations under the regulation where they:

Include international telephone numbers on their website for contact purposes;

Use top level domains of an EU Member State (i.e. .eu, .ie, .de);

Provide options for EU language translation;

Provide options for EU currency conversion; and,

Advertising to attract EU users (leveraging existing EU clients or users as advertising material).

If your organization meets at least one of the above criterion, it may be a good time to prompt a review and determine if you’re required to comply with GDPR’s requirements. Where in doubt, always seek legal advice.

 

Criterion 2: If your business monitors the behavior of EU citizens and their behavior takes place within the union.

The regulation also uses the word “monitoring” in relation to organizations’ processing activities and may be unclear as to its true meaning and how it applies. To gain better understanding, we can use guidance provided by Recital 24 of the regulation; specifically, “natural persons are tracked on the internet including potential subsequent use of personal data processing techniques which consist of profiling a natural person, particularly in order to take decisions concerning her or him or for analyzing or predicting her or his personal preferences, behaviors and attitudes.”

The above excerpt appears to refer to online monitoring and could be associated with behavioral-based advertising that creates profiles based on the data subject’s actions. Monitoring in the GDPR