Man on the Ocean by Robert Michael Ballantyne (free children's online books .TXT) 📖

round the capstan, so that when the capstan is forced round by the handspikes, the rope coils on to it, and the ship is slowly dragged forward.

The _windlass_ is simply a horizontal, instead of a perpendicular capstan. Its sole purpose is for heaving up the anchor, and it is placed close to the bow of the ship.

The _galley_, or cooking-house, is usually near to the windlass, in the front part of the vessel. Here the cook reigns supreme; but this nautical kitchen is wonderfully small. It is just big enough to hold the fireplace and "coppers," with a small shelf, on which the cook (always a man, and often a negro) performs the duties of his office.

The various decks below are partitioned off by means of plank walls, which are called _bulk-heads_, into a variety of berths and apartments; and the greater part of the centre of the vessel (in merchantmen) is called the _hold_, and is reserved for cargo.

The _hull_ of the ship being finished, now gets a coat of tar all over it, which preserves the wood from the action of the weather, and helps to render the seams water-tight. Some vessels are sheathed from the keel to a short way above their water-line with thin sheets of copper, to preserve them more effectually from tear and wear, and especially to defend them against those barnacles and marine insects that would otherwise fasten to them.

Being now ready to be launched from her cradle into the sea--her future home--we will proceed in our next chapter to describe the process of launching.


CHAPTER NINE.


THE LAUNCH, ETCETERA.

Ships begin life with a retrograde movement; they imitate the crabs: in other words, they are launched stern foremost. Whether great or small, long or short, whether clothed in patrician copper or smeared with plebeian tar, they all start on their first voyage with their stern-posts acting the part of cut-water, and, also, without masts or sails. These necessary adjuncts, and a host of others, are added after they have been clasped to the bosom of their native sea. One notable exception there is to this rule, the launch of the far-famed _Great Eastern_, which monster of the deep was forced into her element _sidewise_, of which a full account will be found in another part of this volume.

The _cradles_ on which ships are launched are wooden frameworks, so constructed as to slide down an inclined plane, called the _ways_, bearing their burdens along with them into the water. When a ship is ready for launching, the _shores_, or supports, that have kept her so long in position are knocked away one by one, until the entire weight of the ship rests on the cradle. The _ways_ are then well greased, and it only remains to knock away one or two remaining checks to allow the vessel to seek her future home by means of her own weight.

But before this last act is done, a day must be fixed for the launch; friends of the owners must be invited to go on board during this her first voyage; a fair maiden must be asked to go through the ceremony of giving the ship her name; and paragraphs must go the round of the newspapers. As the hour draws near, crowds of human beings, young and old, male and female, must hurry to the spot to witness the great event, and hundreds of little boys must beg leave from school (if they can); in short, a great stir must be made, and a great day must dawn, before the last shores are knocked away, and the noble structure be permitted to rush down that inclined plane, and for the first time cleave the waves.

And now, having shown how the launching of our ship is accomplished, let us turn to consider the next step towards completion; for there is yet much to be done ere she is able to brave the tempest.


RIGGING A SHIP.

Although fitting-in the lower-masts of a ship cannot well be deemed a part of the rigging, we will nevertheless describe the operation here.

As the lower-masts of a large ship are from five to six feet in circumference, it is manifest that some powerful mechanical contrivance is required to raise them over the bulwarks, and put them in an upright position, into their appointed places. Such contrivances, in the form of enormous cranes, are fixed in some of the larger docks; but the most useful method is to have the masts put in by means of:

_The Shear Hulk_. This is a strongly built hull of a ship, moored in a part of a river or harbour that will afford depth of water to float vessels of any size alongside. It has one stout mast, with two immense beams attached to it near the deck, and sloping outwards over the bulwarks in such a way that their ends overhang the deck of the vessel into which masts are to be placed. These sloping beams are prevented from falling overboard altogether, and their slope is regulated, by blocks and tackles from the mast of the hulk. By means of this contrivance, which is just a gigantic floating crane, the ponderous lower-masts of large ships are raised and lowered into their places.

When these are fixed, the rigging of the ship commences. The method of putting it up cannot prove interesting to general readers; not even to boys, for when they take to rigging model ships, they do not require the mechanical contrivances that are necessary in rigging large vessels. But all readers of sea stories and nautical history will find it of the utmost advantage to their clear understanding of what they read, to have a general idea of the names and uses of the principal parts of a ship's rigging.

We shall, therefore, devote a small space to the explanation of this subject. And, first, let us examine the _Masts_.

These vary in size, form, and number in different ships, but in all they serve the same purpose--to support the sails. Lower masts of large vessels are never formed out of one tree. They are found to be stronger when built up of several pieces, which are fastened together by strong iron hoops. Masts sometimes consist of three distinct parts. The _lower_-mast, _top_-mast, and _top-gallant_-mast. In most large ships there are three masts, each having three parts. The centre mast, being the largest, is the _main-mast_; the front one, which is next in size, is the _fore-mast_; and the one next the stern, the smallest, is called the _mizzen_.

Although we have spoken of _lower-masts_ for the sake of clearness, the name is never used. The name of the mast itself designates the lower part of it. To name the masts in order, we have the Fore-mast. Main-mast. Mizzen-mast. Fore-top-mast. Main-top-mast. Mizzen-top-mast. Fore-topgallant-mast. Main-topgallant-mast. Mizzen-topgallant-mast.

The parts of the different masts are connected and secured by means of _cross-trees_ and _caps_, which are named after the mast and part of the mast to which they belong. Thus we have the _fore-top_, the _fore-top-mast cross-trees_, the _main-top_, and _main-top-mast cross-trees_, etcetera. Observe, particularly, that the _fore-top_, _main-top_, and _mizzen-top_, are the platforms, or cross-trees, at the tops of the _lower_-masts, and not--as might well be supposed by landsmen--the extreme tops of these masts. The button-like objects on the summits of the masts are called the _trucks_; which, besides forming a sort of finish to them, are fitted with small _pulleys_, through which _signal-halyards_, or cords for hoisting the flags, are rove.

In first-rate men-of-war the _tops_ are so large that a number of men can be stationed on them. Besides their other purposes, they are very frequently used as a place of punishment for the midshipmen, or "middies" (the boy officers), who are often sent there to air themselves, and profit, if they can, by calm reflection in exalted solitude.

_Shrouds_ and _stays_ are the thick ropes that keep the masts firmly in position. They form part of what is termed the "standing gear" of a ship--in other words, the ropes that are fixtures--to distinguish them from the "running gear"--those movable ropes, by means of which the sails, boats, flags, etcetera, are hoisted. Nearly all the ropes of a ship are named after the mast, or yard, or sail with which they are connected. Thus we have the _main shrouds_, the _main-top-mast shrouds_, and the _main-topgallant shrouds_; the _main back-stay_, the _main-topgallant back-stay_, and so on--those of the other masts being similarly named, with the exception of the first word, which, of course, indicates the particular mast referred to. The shrouds rise from the _chains_, which are a series of blocks called "dead eyes," fixed to the sides of the ship. To these the shrouds are fixed, and also to the masts near the tops; they serve the purpose of preventing the masts from falling _sideways_. Backstays prevent them from falling _forward_, and _forestays_ prevent them from falling _backward_, or "aft." Besides this, shrouds have little cross ropes called _ratlines_ attached to them, by means of which rope-ladders the sailors ascend and descend the rigging to _furl_, that is, tie up, or _unfurl_, that is, to untie or shake out, the sails.

Our cut represents a sailor-boy ascending the mizzen-top-mast shrouds. He grasps the _shrouds_, and stands on the _ratlines_.

_Yards_ are the heavy wooden cross-poles or beams to which the sails are attached.

_Reef-points_ are the little ropes which may be observed hanging in successive rows on all sails, by means of which _parts_ of the sails are gathered in and tied round the yards, thus reducing their size in stormy weather. Hence such nautical expressions as "taking in a reef," or a "double reef," and "close reefing,"--which last implies that a sail is to be reduced to its smallest possible dimensions. The only further reduction possible would be folding it up altogether, close to the yard, which would be called "furling" it, and which would render it altogether ineffective. In order to furl or reef sails, the men have to ascend the masts, and _lay-out_ upon the yards. It is very dangerous work in stormy weather. Many a poor fellow, while reefing sails in a dark tempestuous night, has been blown from the yard into the sea, and never heard of more. All the yards of a ship, except the three largest, can be hoisted and lowered by means of _halyards_. The top-gallant masts can also be lowered, but the lower-masts, of course, are fixtures.

The _bowsprit_ of a ship is a mast which projects out horizontally, or at an angle, from the bow. It is sometimes in two or three pieces, sometimes only in one. To it are attached the _jib-sail_ and the _flying-jib_, besides a variety of ropes and stays which are connected with and support the fore-mast.

The _cat heads_ are two short beams which project from the bows on either side, and support the ship's anchors.

_Miscellaneous_.--The openings in the decks are called _hatches_; the stair-cases which descend to the cabins are called _companions_. The pulleys by which sails, etcetera, are hoisted, are named _blocks_. _Braces_ are the ropes by which sails are fixed tightly in any position. Hauling a rope _taut_, means hauling it tight. The _weather_ side of a ship means the side which happens to be presented to the wind; the _lee_ side, that which is away from the wind,