Graded Lessons in English by Alonzo Reed and Brainerd Kellogg (find a book to read .TXT) 📖

decisive victory over the Royalists. 10. Columbus was a native of Genoa. 11. God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. 12. The morning hour has gold in its mouth. 13. The mill of the gods grinds late, but grinds to powder. 14. A young farmer recently bought a yoke of oxen, six cows, and a horse. 15. America has furnished to the world tobacco, the potato, and Indian corn.

 

LESSON 46.

ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Cotton | is raised ===========|=============== | Egypt ‘––- in ‘ X’ ‘ India --/ ‘––— ‘ and’ ‘ ‘ United States -––––— the

+Explanation of the Diagram+.—In this diagram the line representing the principal part of the phrase separates into three lines. This shows that the principal part of the phrase is compound. Egypt, India, and United States are all introduced by the same preposition in, and have the same relation to is raised.

1. Cotton is raised in Egypt, India, and the United States. 2. The navy of Hiram brought gold from Ophir. 3. The career of Cromwell was short. 4. Most mountain ranges run parallel with the coast. 5. Now swiftly glides the bonny boat. 6. An able but dishonest judge presided. 7. The queen bee lays eggs in cells of three different sizes. 8. Umbrellas were introduced into England from China. 9. The first permanent English settlement in America was made at Jamestown, in 1607. 10. The spirit of true religion is social, kind, and cheerful. 11. The summits of the Alps are covered with perpetual snow. 12. The months of July and August were named after Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar. 13. All the kings of Egypt are called, in Scripture, Pharaoh. 14. The bamboo furnishes to the natives of China, shade, food, houses, weapons, and clothing.

 

LESSON 47.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

Supply attribute complements to the following expressions. (See Caution, Lesson 40.)

The marble feels –-. Mary looks –-. The weather continues –-. The apple tastes –-. That lady appears –-. The sky grows –-. The leaves of roses are –-. The undertaking was pronounced –-.

Write a subject and a predicate to each of the following nouns taken as attribute complements.

+Model+.—_Soldier_.—That old man has been a soldier.

Plant, insect, mineral, vegetable, liquid, gas, solid, historian, poet, artist, traveler, emperor.

Using the following nouns as subjects, build sentences each having a simple predicate and two or more object complements.

Congress, storm, education, king, tiger, hunter, Arnold, shoemakers, lawyers, merchant.

Build three sentences on each of the following subjects, two of which shall contain object complements, and the third, an attribute complement.

+Model+.—Sun.— The sun gives light. The sun warms the earth. The sun is a luminous body.

Moon, oak, fire, whiskey.

 

LESSON 48.

SUBJECT OR COMPLEMENT MODIFIED BY A PARTICIPLE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.—You have learned, in the preceding Lessons, that a quality may be assumed as belonging to a thing; as, white chalk, or that it may be asserted of it; as, Chalk is white. An action, also, may be assumed as belonging to something; as, Peter turning, or it may be asserted; as, Peter turned. In the expression, Peter, turning, said, what word expresses an action as assumed, and which asserts an action? Each pupil may give an example of an action asserted and of an action assumed; as, Corn grows, corn growing; geese gabble; geese gabbling.

This form of the verb, which merely assumes the act, being, or state, is called the +Participle+.

When the words growing and gabbling are placed before the nouns, thus: growing corn, gabbling geese, they tell simply the kind of corn and the kind of geese, and are therefore adjectives.

When the or some other adjective is placed before these words, and a preposition after them, thus: The growing of the corn, the gabbling of the geese, they are simply the names of actions, and are therefore nouns.

Let each pupil give an example of a verb asserting an action, and change it to express:—

1st, An assumed action; 2d, A permanent quality; 3d, The name of an action.

 

Participles may be completed by objects and attributes.

+Analysis and Parsing+.

+Model+.—_Truth, crushed to earth, will rise again_.

Truth | will rise ==========|============= cru | again shed

––—

to earth -––

+Explanation of the Diagram+.—In this diagram, the line standing for the principal word of the participial phrase is broken; one part slants, and the other is horizontal. This shows that the participle crushed is used like an adjective to modify Truth, and yet retains the nature of a verb, expressing an action received by truth.

+Oral Analysis+.—This is a sentence, because –-; Truth is the subject, because –-; will rise is the predicate, because –-; the phrase, crushed to earth, is a modifier of the Subj., because –-; crushed introduces the phrase and is the principal word in it; the phrase to earth is a modifier of crushed; to introduces it, and earth is the principal word in it; again is a modifier of the Pred., because –-. Truth crushed to earth is the modified subject, will rise again is the modified predicate.

+Parsing+—_Crushed_ is the form of the verb called participle. The action expressed by it is merely assumed.

1. The mirth of Addison is genial, imparting a mild glow of thought. 2. The general, riding to the front, led the attack. 3. The balloon, shooting swiftly into the clouds, was soon lost to sight. 4. Wealth acquired dishonestly will prove a curse. 5. The sun, rising, dispelled the mists. 6. The thief, being detected, surrendered to the officer. 7. They boarded the vessel lying in the harbor. 8. The territory claimed by the Dutch was called New Netherlands. 9. Washington, having crossed the Delaware, attacked the Hessians stationed at Trenton. 10. Burgoyne, having been surrounded at Saratoga, surrendered to Gen. Gates. 11. Pocahontas was married to a young Englishman named John Rolfe. 12. A shrug of the shoulders, translated into words, loses much force. 13. The armies of England, mustered for the battles of Europe, do not awaken sincere admiration.

(Note that the participle, like the predicate verb, may consist of two or more words.)

(Note, too, that the participle, like the adjective, may belong to a noun complement.)

 

LESSON 49.

THE INFINITIVE PHRASE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.—There is another form of the verb which, like the participle, cannot be the predicate of a sentence, for it cannot assert; as, She went out to see a friend; To lie is a disgrace. As this form of the verb expresses the action, being, or state in a general manner, without limiting it directly to a subject, it is called an +Infinitive+, which means without limit. The infinitive generally follows to; as, to walk, to sleep.

Let each pupil give an infinitive.

The infinitive and the preposition to constitute a phrase, which may be employed in several ways.

+T+.—_I have a duty to perform_. The infinitive phrase modifies what?

+P+.—The noun duty. +T+.—It then performs the office of what? +P+.—Of an adjective modifier.

+T+.—_I come to hear_. The infinitive phrase modifies what? +P+.—The verb come. +T+.—What office then does it perform? +P+.—Of an adverb modifier.

+T+.—_To lie is base_. What is base? +P+.—To lie. +T+.—_He attempted to speak_. What did he attempt? +P+.—To speak. +T+.—To lie is a subject, and to speak is an object. What part of speech is used as subject and object? +P+.—The noun.

+T+.—The +Infinitive+ phrase is used as an +adjective+, an +adverb+, and a +noun+.

Infinitives may be completed by objects and attributes.

+Analysis and Parsing+.

+Model+.—_David hasted to meet Goliath_.

David | hasted ==========|=========== | to meet | Goliath -–––––

+Analysis of the Infinitive Phrase+.—_To_ introduces the phrase; meet, completed by the object Goliath, is the principal part.

+Parsing of the Phrase+.—_To_ is a preposition, because –-; meet is a verb, because –-; Goliath is a noun, because –-.

1. I come not here to talk. 2. I rejoice to hear it. 3. A desire to excel leads to eminence. 4. Dr. Franklin was sent to France to solicit aid for the colonies. 5. To retreat was impossible.

(_To_ is here used merely to introduce the infinitive phrase.)

to retreat -––— | | / | was impossible ==========|====================== |

+Explanation of the Diagram+.—As this phrase subject cannot, in its proper form, be written on the subject line, it is placed above, and, by means of a support, the phrase diagram is made to rest on the subject line. The phrase complement may be diagramed in a similar way, and made to rest on the complement line.

6. The hands refuse to labor. 7. To live is not all of life. 8. The Puritans desired to obtain religious freedom. 9. The Romans, having conquered the world, were unable to conquer themselves. 10. Narvaez sailed from Cuba to conquer Florida. 11. Some savages of America and Africa love to wear rings in the nose. 12. Andrew Jackson, elected to succeed J. Q. Adams, was inaugurated in

1829.

 

LESSON 50.

POSITION AND PUNCTUATION OF THE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE.

ERRORS TO BE CORRECTED. (See Caution 1, Lesson 41.)

Punctuate as you correct. (See Lesson 37.)

A house was built for a clergyman having seven gables. The old man struck the saucy boy raising a gold-headed cane. We saw a marble bust of Sir W. Scott entering the vestibule. Here is news from a neighbor boiled down. I found a cent walking over the bridge. Balboa discovered the Pacific ocean climbing to the top of a mountain.

Punctuate the following exercises.

Cradled in the camp Napoleon was the darling of the army. Having approved of the plan the king put it into execution. Satan incensed with indignation stood unterrified. My friend seeing me in need offered his services. James being weary with his journey sat down on the wall. The owl hid in the tree hooted through the night.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

Give the caution relating to the position of the phrase modifier; that relating to the choice of prepositions; that relating to the double negative (Lesson 41). Give examples of errors. Can a noun be an attribute complement? Illustrate. What do you understand by a participle? Into what may some participles be changed? Illustrate. What offices does the infinitive phrase perform? Illustrate them.

+To the Teacher+.—See COMPOSITION EXERCISES in the Supplement—Selection from George Eliot.

 

LESSON 51.

REVIEW.

MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS FOR CORRECTION. (See Cautions in Lessons 30, 40, and

41.)

 

There never was such another man. He was an old venerable patriarch.

John has a cadaverous, hungry, and lean look. He was a well-proportioned, fine fellow.

Pass me them potatoes.

Put your trust not in money. We have often occasion for thanksgiving,

Now this is to be done how? Nothing can justify ever profanity.

To continually study is impossible.

(An adverb is seldom placed between the preposition to and the infinitive.)

Mary likes to tastefully dress. Learn to carefully choose your words.

She looks queerly. Give me a soon and direct answer.

The post stood firmly. The eagle flies highly. The orange tastes sweetly.

I feel tolerable well. The branch breaks easy. Thistles grow rapid. The eagle flies swift. This is a miserable poor pen.

A wealthy gentleman will adopt a little boy with a small family. A gentleman called from Africa to pay his compliments.

Water