Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder Louv, Richard (e book reader pc TXT) 📖

environment profoundly affects our physical and mental well-being Gordon Orians and Judith Heerwagen, “Evolved Responses to Landscapes,” in Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), vol. 7, no. 1: 555–579.

47   The childhood link between outdoor activity and physical health Frederick J. Zimmerman, Dimitri A. Christakis, and Andrew N. Meltzoff, “Television and DVD/Video Viewing in Children Younger Than 2 Years,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161, no. 5 (May 2007).

47   Approximately 60 percent of obese children Paul Muntner, Jiang He, Jeffrey A. Cutler, Rachel P. Wildman, and Paul K. Whelton, “Trends in Blood Pressure among Children and Adolescents,” JAMA 291, no. 17 (May 2004): 2107–2113.

47   While children in many parts “Obesity and Overweight,” World Health Organization, Fact Sheet No. 311, September 2006, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/

factsheets/fs311/en/index.html.

48   “Play in natural settings” H. L. Burdette and R. C. Whitaker, “Resurrecting Free Play in Young Children: Looking Beyond Fitness and Fatness to Attention, Affiliation and Affect,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159, no. 1 (2005): 46–50.

48   “Play in natural settings” R. C. Klesges, L. H. Eck, C. L. Hanson, C. K. Haddock, L. M. Klesges, “Effects of Obesity, Social Interactions, and Physical Environment on Physical Activity in Preschoolers,” Health Psychology 9, no. 4 (1990): 435–449.

48   “Play in natural settings” T. Baranowski, W. O. Thompson, R. H. DuRant, J. Baranowski, and J. Puhl, “Observations on Physical Activity in Physical Locations: Age, Gender, Ethnicity, and Month Effects,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 64, no. 2 (1993): 127–133.

48   “Play in natural settings” J. F. Sallis, P. R. Nader, S. L. Broyle, C. C. Berry, J. P. Elder, T. L. McKenzie, and J. A. Nelson, “Correlates of Physical Activity at Home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American Preschool Children,” Health Psychology 12, no. 5 (1993):390–398.

48   Recent studies describe tantalizing evidence I. Fjortoft, “The Natural Environment as a Playground for Children,” Early Childhood Education Journal 29. no. 3 (2001): 111–117.

48   Recent studies describe tantalizing evidence P. Grahn, F. Martensson, B. Lindblad, P. Nilsson, and A. Ekman, Ute pa Dagis. Stad & Land 145 (Hassleholm, Sweden: Nora Skane Offset, 1997).

49   Adults, too, seem to benefit J. Pretty, J. Peacock, M. Sellens, and M. Griffin, “The Mental and Physical Health Outcomes of Green Exercise,” International Journal of Environmental Health Research 15, no. 5 (2005): 319–337.

49   Adults, too, seem to benefit M. Bodin and T. Hartig, “Does the Outdoor Environment Matter for Psychological Restoration Gained through Running?” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 4, no. 2 (April 2003): 141–153.

49   the rate at which American children are prescribed antidepressants Thomas Delate, Alan J. Gelenberg, Valarie A. Simmons, and Brenda R. Motheral, “Trends in the Use of Anitidepressants in a National Sample of Commercially Insured Pediatric Patients, 1998 to 2002,” Psychiatric Services 55 (April 2004): 387–391.

50   spending on such drugs . . . surpassed spending on antibiotics Linda A. Johnson, “Behavior Drugs Top Kids’ Prescriptions,” Associated Press, May 17, 2004.

50   one of the main benefits of spending time in nature is stress reduction Peter H. Kahn, Jr., The Human Relationship with Nature (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 13; citing R. S. Ulrich, “Biophilia, Biophobia, and Natural Landscapes,” in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 73–137.

50   a room with a view of nature can help protect children against stress Nancy Wells and Gary Evans, “Nearby Nature: A Buffer of Life Stress among Rural Children,” Environment and Behavior 35 (2003): 311–330.

51   children and parents who live in places that allow for outdoor access M. Huttenmoser, “Children and Their Living Surroundings: Empirical Investigations into the Significance of Living Surrounds for the Everyday Life and Development of Children,” Children’s Environments Quarterly 12 (1995): 403–413.

51   Nature also offers nurturing solitude K. Korpela, “Adolescents’ Favorite Places and Environmental Self-regulation,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 12 (1992): 249–258.

53   “We have a small hill, a mound” From an interview in the online professional journal The Massachusetts Psychologist, http://www.masspsy.com (1999).

5. A Life of the Senses

58   “Superficially, the world has become small and known” Tony Hillerman, ed., The Spell of New Mexico (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1976), 29–30; citing Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence, ed. Edward D. McDonald (New York: Viking, 1978).

61   Such design emphasis now permeates malls John Beardsley, “Kiss Nature Goodbye,” Harvard Design Magazine 10 (winter/spring 2000).

62   “countless possibilities for moving ads out of the virtual world” Matt Richtel, “Nature, Brought to You by . . .,” New York Times, August 11, 2002.

66   “Children live through their senses” Robin C. Moore, “The Need for Nature: A Childhood Right,” Social Justice 24, no. 3 (fall 1997): 203.

66   Little is known about the impact of new technologies Robert Kraut, Vicki Lundmark, Michael Patterson, Sara Kiesler, Tridas Mukopadhyay, and William Scherlis, “Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being?” American Psychologist 53, no. 9 (September 1998): 1017–1031.

6. The “Eighth Intelligence”

71   Ben Franklin lived a block from Boston Harbor H. W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Doubleday, 2000), 17.

72   “The core of the naturalist intelligence” Ronnie Durie, “An Interview with Howard Gardner, Mindshift Connection (Saint Paul, MN: Zephyr Press, 1996).

73   “Were I granted another lifetime or two” Howard Gardner, “Multiple Intelligences after Twenty Years” (paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 2003). © Howard Gardner: Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA.

77   “Noses seem to make perfectly good perches” Robert Michael Pyle, The Thunder Tree: Lessons from an Urban Wildland (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 147.

84   Ben and his friends liked to hunt small fish Brands, The First American, 18.

7. The Genius of Childhood

86   “the natural genius of childhood and the ‘spirit of place’” Bernard Berenson, Sketch for a Self-Portrait (Toronto: Pantheon Books, 1949), 18.

87   “Natural spaces and materials stimulate children’s limitless imaginations” Robin C. Moore and Herb H. Wong, Natural Learning: Creating Environments for Rediscovering Nature’s Way of Teaching (Berkeley, CA: MIG Communications, 1997).

87   Early theorectical work in this field was done by . . . Simon Nicholson Simon Nicholson, “The Theory of Loose Parts,” Landscape Architecture 62, no. 1 (1971): 30–34.

87   A typical list of loose parts for