a high vertical cliff face made of ice, meeting a field of ice below." 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" 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Frozen Sea and Cliffs of Ice
Bowers gave us two of our best lectures, the first on the Evolution of Sledge Foods, at the end of which he discussed our own rations on the Depot Journey, and made suggestions which he had worked out scientifically for those of the Polar Journey. His arguments were sound enough to disarm the hostility if not to convert to his opinions at least one scientist who had come to hear him strongly of opinion that an untrained man should not discuss so complex a subject. The second lecture, on the Evolution of Polar Clothing, was also the fruit of much work. The general conclusion come to (and this was after the Winter Journey) was that our own clothing and equipment could not be bettered in any important respect, though it must be always understood that the expedition wore windproof clothing and not furs, except for hands and feet. When man-hauling, windproof, I am convinced, cannot be improved upon, but for dog-driving in cold weather I suspect that furs may be better.
The table was cleared after supper and we sat round it for these lectures three times a week. There was no compulsion about them, and the seamen only turned up for those which especially interested them, such as Meares’ vivid account of his journeyings on the Eastern or Chinese borderland of Tibet. This land is inhabited by the “Eighteen Tribes,” the original inhabitants of Tibet who were driven out by the present inhabitants, and Meares told us chiefly of the Lolos who killed his companion Brook after having persuaded him that they were friendly and anxious to help him. “He had no pictures and very makeshift maps, yet he held us really entranced for nearly two hours by the sheer interest of his adventures. The spirit of the wanderer is in Meares’ blood: he has no happiness but in the wild places of the earth. I have never met so extreme a type. Even now he is looking forward to getting away by himself to Hut Point, tired already of our scant measure of civilization.”141
Three lectures a week were too many in the opinion of the majority. The second winter with our very reduced company we had two a week, and I feel sure that this was an improvement. No officer nor seaman, however, could have had too many of Ponting’s lectures, which gave us glimpses into many lands illustrated by his own inimitable slides. Thus we lived every now and then for a short hour in Burma, India or Japan, in scenes of trees and flowers and feminine charm which were the very antithesis of our present situation, and we were all the better for it. Ponting also illustrated the subjects of other lectures with homemade slides of photographs taken during the autumn or from printed books. But for the most part the lecturers were perforce content with designs and plans, drawn on paper and pinned one on the top of the other upon a large drawing-board propped up on the table and torn off sheet by sheet.
From the practical point of view the most interesting evening to us was that on which Scott produced the Plan of the Southern Journey. The reader may ask why this was not really prepared until the winter previous to the journey itself, and the answer clearly is that it was impossible to arrange more than a rough idea until the autumn sledging had taught its lesson in food, equipment, relative reliability of dogs, ponies and men, and until the changes and chances of our life showed exactly what transport would be available for the following sledging season. Thus it was with lively anticipation that we sat down on May 8, an advisory committee as it were, to hear and give our suggestions on the scheme which Scott had evolved in the early weeks of the winter after the adventures of the Depot Journey and the loss of six ponies.
It was on just such a winter night, too, that Scott read his interesting paper on the Ice Barrier and Inland Ice which will probably form the basis for all future work on these subjects. The Barrier, he maintained, is probably afloat, and covers at least five times the extent of the North Sea with an average thickness of some 400 feet, though it has only been possible to get the very roughest of levels. According to the movement of a depot laid in the Discovery days the Barrier moved 608 yards towards the open Ross Sea in 13½ months. It must be admitted that the inclination of the ice-sheet is not sufficient to cause this, and the old idea that the glacier streams flowing down from Inland Plateau provide the necessary impetus is imperfect. It was Simpson’s suggestion that “the deposition of snow on the Barrier leads to an expansion due to the increase of weight.” Some admittedly vague ideas as to the extent and character of the inland ice-sheet ended a clever and convincing paper which contained a lot of good reasoning.
Simpson proved an excellent lecturer, and in meteorology and in the explanation of the many instruments with which his corner of the hut was full he possessed subjects which interested and concerned everybody. Nelson on Biological Problems and Taylor on Physiography were always interesting. “Taylor, I dreamt of your lecture last night. How could I live so long in the world and not know something of so fascinating a subject!” Thus Scott on the morning following one of these lectures.142 Wright on Ice Problems, Radium, and the Origin of Matter had highly technical subjects which left many of us somewhat befogged. But Atkinson on Scurvy had an audience each member of which felt that he had a personal interest in the subject under discussion. Indeed one of his hearers was to suffer the advanced
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