Annihilation from Within Fred Iklé (cool books to read .txt) 📖

The statutory authorities for domestic emergencies include the Insurrection Act, the Stafford Act, and the National Emergency Act of 1974 (ibid., 14–19).

10. Donald M. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1946), 156, 187, and passim.

11. Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy (Oxford University Press, 1999), 207.

12. Predictably, this extraterritorial repatriation of Haitian refugees was challenged in court in 1993. The lower U.S. court used the UN Protocol on refugees to interpret U.S. law, since the relevant U.S. act (the Refugee Act of 1980) was enacted to conform U.S. law to the UN Protocol (to which the United States had become party in 1968). But then the Supreme Court held that neither the UN Protocol nor U.S. law applies to U.S. actions outside U.S. territory. Alan B. Simmons, ed., International Migration, Refugee Flows, and Human Rights in North America: The Impact of Free Trade and Restructuring (New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1995), 283–88.

13. For a purely legal assessment of the UN decision on the Protocol, see Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), 12–13 and passim.

14. The astounding case in England has been widely reported by British newspapers, e.g., the Press Association, the Birmingham Post, the Guardian, and the Telegraph all on January 20, 2003, and the Sun on January 19, 2003. The number of Afghan postliberation asylum applicants in the Netherlands is given by the Dutch report Migration and Development Cooperation, issued by the Advisory Council on International Affairs (The Hague, June 2005), 18.

15. Winston S. Churchill, Their Finest Hour (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), 10 and 357.

16. David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (London: Penguin Books, 2005), 182.

6. Restoration

1.   Wesley T. Wooley, Alternaives to Anarchy: American Supranationalism Since World War II (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).

2.   Hedley Bull is quoted here from his magisterial and widely acclaimed book The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002 [1st ed., 1977]), 280 and 299. Hedley Bull was professor at the Australian University, the London School of Economics, and then at the University of Oxford until his untimely death in 1985.

3.   William Nordhaus and James Tobin, “Is Growth Obsolete?,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Economic Growth, Fiftieth Anniversary Colloquium V (New York: distributed by Columbia University Press, 1972), 1. An excellent assessment of the economist’s changing views of perpetual growth is H. W. Arndt, The Rise and Fall of Economic Growth: A Study in Contemporary Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978). Arndt notes that T. W. Hutchinson’s comprehensive Review of Economic Doctrines, 1870–1929 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953) lists not “a single reference, explicit or implicit, to economic growth as an objective of economic policy.”

4.   Herman E. Daly is now Professor at the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland. Among his writings on this topic are Steady-State Economics (San Francisco: W. H Freeman, 1977; 2d ed., 1991), and Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

HOW SHOULD AN AUTHOR EXPRESS HIS GRATITUDE to those who unstintingly offered wise counsel, inspiration, and guidance, and who helped disentangle a whirligig of ideas? Perhaps simply by saying “thank you.”

Daniel Seligman and I became friends in the 1970s when he worked for Fortune magazine. In 1987, Dan joined a Defense Department commission on long-term national strategy, which Albert Wohlstetter and I cochaired. Wohlstetter and I came to esteem Dan highly for his deep understanding of the political and social environment and his ability to bring clarity to the most opaque issues. Dan, you encouraged me to navigate my story to its destined ending without shying painful, yet inescapable conclusions. Thank you for your help and companionship on this journey.

Owen Harries and I celebrated the fall of the Berlin Wall in Sidney, Australia, awed by the end of the Cold War unfolding before our eyes. Four years later, we took advantage of that historic transition as we worked on a project that brought senior U.S. and Russian defense officials together to overcome the strategic thinking of the Cold War. At that time, Owen was editor of The National Interest, and he published several articles of mine which provided the foundation for this book. Owen, thank you for inspiring the ambitious agenda of my book and for greatly enriching its themes.

Gerald Aronson (M.D., psychiatrist, and expert on neurology) opened a window for me into the vast realm of brain science. He thus helped me venture a bold forecast about superhuman intelligence systems that nations might learn how to build. Gerry and I have collaborated before. In the 1950s, we worked on a successful RAND project (chapter 3 tells that story). Of course, the proof that superhuman intelligence can be developed is not yet in hand. But thank you, Gerry, for helping me to articulate this portentous vision.

I owe thanks to many others.

Joshua Lederberg, Professor Emeritus at Rockefeller University, had the patience and kindness to advise me on problems of prolonging human lives and on possibilities for brain-computer systems that might reach superhuman intelligence. To my knowledge, Joshua Lederberg is the only Nobel Laureate who actually read my very first book (The Social Impact of Bomb Destruction) and even thought well of it.

I am grateful to Paul Kozemchak, Philip Merrill, Wolfgang Schürer, Henry Sokolski, and Lowell Wood for their helpful comments on the finished draft, or on parts of it, and for the guidance and essential data they provided. To Conrad Heede I owe thanks for his always reliable and timely research assistance; and I also want to thank those who preceded Conrad during my long dalliance with this book: Dove Waxman, Steven A. Cook, and Lisette Andreae (for research on German sources). My warmest thanks to Carol Purdey and Terri Silver for their splendid assistance in keeping abreast of ever-changing drafts, reshuffled chapters, and endless endnotes.

CSIS, the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C, offered a wonderfully stimulating home for my project. I am greatly indebted to former