Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow Irina Reyfman (snow like ashes .TXT) 📖

17. VYDROPUSK

77. The nymph Egeria: in Roman legend, a divine consort of Numa Pompilius, Rome’s second king (reigned 715–673 bc) and a figure much written about in the eighteenth century as a legislator; Egeria was said to have counseled Numa on laws and religious rituals.

78. Manco Cápac (died 1107): the first Inca ruler of Peru, the founder of the Inca Empire.

18. TORZHOK

79. Mitrofanushka (Mitrofan): a character in Fonvizin’s comedy The Minor. The minor of the title, he is comically ineducable. For more on this comedy, see note 36.

80. Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744–1803): a German philosopher, poet, and literary critic. Radishchev here translates, with some omissions and additions, a fragment of his 1780 “Vom Einfluss der Regierung auf die Wissenschaften und der Wissenschaften auf die Regierung” (“On the Influence of the Government on the Sciences and the Sciences on the Government”).

81. The word klobuk, the headgear of Orthodox monks (here, a metonymy for ecclesiastical censorship) is absent in Herder’s original and added by Radishchev.

82. Paragraph 480 of Catherine II’s Instruction to the Legislative Commission contains, among other things, this principle: “Words are never to be considered a crime, unless they lead to or are linked to or follow a lawless act.”

83. See notes 14 and 15.

84. Radishchev’s main source for this account is vols. I (part 1) and II (part 2) of Johann Beckmann, Beiträge zur Geschichter der Erfindungen (Leipzig, 1786–1805).

85. Protagoras (c. 490–420 BC): a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, ostensibly the author of the statement “Man is the measure of all things.”

86. Titus Labienus: an historian in the time of Augustus, an opponent of monarchy. He committed suicide after his writings were burned on the order of the Senate. His works were later restored on the order of Caligula.

87. Benito Arias Montano (1527–1598): a Spanish orientalist and theologian. He was accused of heresy but eventually acquitted in 1580. Radishchev’s motivation in citing him in the context of Roman censorship is unclear.

88. Titus Cassius Severus (d. 32 AD): Roman writer and orator, an advocate of freedom of speech. He was exiled to Crete and his works were banned after his death.

89. Aulus Cremutius Cordus (d. 25 AD): Roman historian, whose works were burned under Tiberius, the Roman emperor who succeeded Augustus, on the order of the Senate.

90. Antiochus IV, Epifanius (215–164 BC): Hellenistic king of the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death; unlike his predecessors, he tried to suppress Judaism by force.

91. Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus, 244–311): the Roman emperor from 284 to 305; a persecutor of Christians.

92. Arnobius of Sicca (d. c. 330): an early Christian writer.

93. Radishchev refers to the Council of Nicaea (325) called by Constantine the Great (reigned 306–337), the first Roman emperor converted to Christianity. Arius (256–336), a Libyan presbyter and ascetic, was relegated to anathema by the council as a heretic for his arguing for the supremacy of God the Father.

94. Theodosius II (401–450): Eastern Roman emperor. In 431 he called the Council of Ephesus that condemned as a heretic Nestorius (386–450), the Archbishop of Constantinople (428–431).

95. Eutychus (c. 380–456): denounced as a heretic by the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

96. Pandects of Justinian: a compendium of writings on Roman law compiled by order of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565) in the sixth century AD.

97. Abelard (Pierre Abélard, 1079–1141 or 1142): a French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and logician. In 1141, Pope Innocent II (1130–1143) excommunicated Abelard, confined him in a monastery, and ordered his books to be burned.

98. Maffeo Ghirardi (or Gherardi, 1406–1492): Patriarch of Venice from 1466 to his death.

99. Codex diplomaticus, published by Gudenus, volume IV: Codex diplomaticus anecdotorum, res Moguntinas, Francicas, Trevirenses, Hassiacas, finitimarumque regionum nec non ius Germanicum et S. R. I. historiamvel maxime illustrantium, ed. Valentin Ferdinand, Freiherr von Gudenus, et al., 5 vols. (Göttingen, Frankfurt, and Leipzig, 1743–68).

100. The words in brackets are restored based on the Latin original from which Radishchev was translating: “tenore presentium districte precipiendo mandamus …”

101. Pope Alexander VI (Borgia/Borjia, 1431–1503): elected Pope in 1492. Radishchev compares him to Tiberius (see note 89).

102. William Caxton (c. 1422–1491): an English merchant and writer, who pioneered printing in England. The book cited by Radishchev is A Book of the Chesse Moralysed (Le jeu d’échecs moralisés), attributed by Caxton to Jean de Vignay, who in fact had translated it from the Latin original by Jacopo da Cessole.

103. Secret Chancery (Tainaia kantseliariia): body of political investigation established by Peter the Great in 1718.

104. Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford (1593–1641): English statesman, supporter of Charles I. The Long Parliament abolished the Star Chamber.

105. As there is no firm evidence that Radishchev quotes from American revolutionary documents, the translation is from Radishchev’s wording

106. Wilhelm Ludwig Wekhrlin (1739–1792): a German writer and journalist. The magazine Gray Monstrosity (Das graue Ungeheuer) was published from 1784 to 1787.

107. Joseph II (1741–1790): Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 until his death. He reformed the legal system, abolishing brutal punishments and the death penalty in most instances, and also experimented with the reform of serfdom in his lands (claiming to see in Catherine the Great a model). He also ended censorship of the press and theater.

19. MEDNOE

108. Burkhard Christoph von Münnich (1683–1767): a German general who in 1721 was invited to Russia to work on engineering projects in the newly acquired northern territories. Eventually, he became a field marshal and a prominent political figure during the reign of the Empress Anna Ioanovna (r. 1730–1740), niece of Peter the Great.

20. TVER

109. The traveler’s interlocutor refers to the adoption by Russians of the syllabo-tonic versification system, usually called “the reform of versification,” which replaced the syllabic versification (“the Polish cladding”) practiced from the beginning of the seventeenth century. In the earlier system, the poetic line was determined by the number of syllables in the line, usually at least twelve, with no fixed pattern of stressed syllables. In the