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8, no. 4, folio 9r. English translation signed by Duportail.

12. British National Archives, Colonial Office Papers, 1777, 5:2; Paul K. Walker, Engineers of Independence: A Documentary History of the Army Engineers in the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Washington, DC: Historical Division, Office of Administrative Services, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1981), 175–77; Arthur P. Watts, “A Newly Discovered Letter of Brigadier-General Duportail,” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 1, no. 2 (April 1934): 101–6.

13. Henry Laurens to George Washington, November 19, 1777, in US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 9:900–901, 932; Washington, Papers, 12:319.

CHAPTER 2

1. William Spohn Baker, ed., Itinerary of General Washington: From June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783 (Lambertville, NJ: Hunterdon House, 1970), 106.

2. George Washington, letter to the president of Congress, November 16, 1778, in George Washington, The Papers of George Washington, ed. Philander D. Chase, Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985), 18:168.

3. Paul K. Walker, Engineers of Independence: A Documentary History of the Army Engineers in the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Washington, DC: Historical Division, Office of Administrative Services, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1981), 178–79; Washington, Papers, 12:387–88. Contemporary translation by John Laurens. The original in French is signed Le Chr. du Portail.

4. Baker, Itinerary, 106.

5. Nathanael Greene, The Papers of General Nathanael Greene, ed. Richard K. Showman, Margaret Cobb, Robert E. McCarthy, Joyce Boulind, Noel P. Conlon, and Nathaniel N. Shipton (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, for the Rhode Island Historical Society, 1976), 2:229; Washington, Papers, 12:500.

6. Walker, Engineers of Independence, 179–82; Washington, Papers, 12:457–59. In the original French, the name is signed by the writer, Duportail. Contemporary translation by John Laurens. The omissions indicated relate to conditions that might have arisen but did not materialize.

7. Marquis de Lafayette, “Letters from the Marquis de Lafayette to Hon. Henry Laurens, 1777–1780,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 7, no. 2 (April 1906): 65.

8. Washington, Papers, 12:506.

9. Walker, Engineers of Independence, 182–83; Washington, Papers, 12:515–16.

10. Baker, Itinerary, 108.

11. General orders, in Washington, Papers, 12:620–21.

12. May 16, 1778, in Benjamin Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree and Whitfield J. Bell Jr. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959), http://franklinpapers.org, 26:478.

13. Frank H. Taylor, Valley Forge: A Chronicle of American Heroism (Philadelphia: James W. Nagle, 1905); Washington, Papers, 13:243.

14. Sir William Howe, The Narrative of Lt. Gen. Sir William Howe in a Committee of the House of Commons on 29th April 1779, Relative to His Conduct during His Late Command of the King’s Troops in North America, to Which Are Added Some Observations upon a Pamphlet Entitled Letters to a Nobleman (London: H. Baldwin, 1780), 30.

15. Elizabeth S. Kite, “General Washington and the French Engineers Duportail and Companions,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 43, no. 2 (June 1932): 109.

16. Walker, Engineers of Independence, 34–36; Washington, Papers, 13:262–66.

17. US Continental Congress et al., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1904), 13:305.

18. US Continental Congress, Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 (Washington, DC: National Archives, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1985), vol. 3, no. 147, folio 147; US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 10:305–6, 14:570–71; Washington, Papers, 10:454.

19. Brigadier General Duportail to George Washington, January 18, 1778, in Washington, Papers, 13:262–64.

20. George Washington to a Continental Congress Camp Committee, Valley Forge, March 1, 1778, in Washington, Papers, 14:5.

21. Paul H. Smith, Gerard W. Gawalt, Rosemary Fry Plakas, and Eugene R. Sheridan, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 9, February 1–May 31, 1778 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1982), 13:106; US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 13:57–58.

22. US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 10:114–45.

23. Edmund Cody Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress (P. Smith, 1963); Washington, Papers, 14:419–20.

24. Washington, Papers, 14:493–94.

25. Jared Sparks, The Writings of George Washington: Being His Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and Other Papers, Official and Private, Selected and Published from the Original Manuscripts with a Life of the Author, Notes, and Illustrations (Boston: American Stationers’ Company, John B. Russell, 1834), 5:325; George Washington, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799: Prepared under the Direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and Published by Authority of Congress, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1931), 11:288.

26. Washington, Papers, 14:567.

27. Brigadier General Duportail to George Washington, Valley Forge, c. April 20, 1778, in Washington, Papers, 14:562.

28. Brigadier General Duportail to George Washington, Valley Forge, c. April 29, 1778, in Washington, Papers, 14:562.

29. Walker, Engineers of Independence, 191–95; Washington, Papers, 14:559–66.

30. Washington, Papers, 14:593–94.

31. Greene, Papers, 2:381–85; Washington, Papers, 15:83–87. The rationale was omitted.

32. US Department of State, The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution: Being the Letters of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, John Adams, John Jay, Arthur Lee, William Lee, Ralph Izard, Francis Dana, William Carmichael, Henry Laurens, John Laurens . . . and Others, Concerning the Foreign Relations of the United States during the Whole Revolution: Together with the Letters in Reply from the Secret Committee of Congress, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs: Also the Entire Correspondence of the French Ministers, Gérard and Luzerne, with Congress: Published under the Direction of the President of the United States, from the Original Manuscripts in the Department of State, Conformably to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818, edited by Jared Sparks (Boston: N. Hale and Gray & Bowen, 1829), 2:262; Francis Wharton, ed., Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1889), 2:468–69.

33. Washington, Papers, 15:414–17; Greene, Papers, 2:434–37.

34. Walker, Engineers of Independence, 195–99; Washington, Papers, 15:439–40.

35. Elizabeth S. Kite, Brigadier-General Louis Lebègue Duportail, Commandant of Engineers in the Continental Army, 1777–1783 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1933), 46.

36. Kite, Brigadier-General Duportail, 77.

37. Washington, Papers, 15:514–15, 15:517.

CHAPTER 3

1. US Continental Congress et al., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774– 1789 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1904), 2:59.

2. George Washington, The Papers of George Washington, ed. Philander D. Chase, Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University Press