A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive by John Stuart Mill (good beach reads .txt) 📖
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8.
Univocal and Æquivocal
47
Chapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names.
§ 1.
Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The Categories of Aristotle
49
2.
Ambiguity of the most general names
51
3.
Feelings, or states of consciousness
54
4.
Feelings must be distinguished from their physical antecedents. Perceptions, what
56
5.
Volitions, and Actions, what
58
6.
Substance and Attribute
59
7.
Body
61
8.
Mind
67
9.
Qualities
69
10.
Relations
72
11.
Resemblance
74
12.
Quantity
78
13.
All attributes of bodies are grounded on states of consciousness
79
14.
So also all attributes of mind
80
15.
Recapitulation
81
Chapter IV. Of Propositions.
§ 1.
Nature and office of the copula
85
2.
Affirmative and Negative propositions
87
3.
Simple and Complex
89
4.
Universal, Particular, and Singular
93
Chapter V. Of the Import of Propositions.
§ 1.
Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas
96
2.
Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names
99
3.
Doctrine that it consists in referring something to, or excluding something from, a class
103
4.
What it really is
107
5.
It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation
110
6.
—or a resemblance
112
7.
Propositions of which the terms are abstract
115
Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal.
§ 1.
Essential and Accidental propositions
119
2.
All essential propositions are identical propositions
120
3.
Individuals have no essences
124
4.
Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal
126
5.
Two modes of representing the import of a Real proposition
127
Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables.
§ 1.
Classification, how connected with Naming
129
2.
The Predicables, what
131
3.
Genus and Species
131
4.
Kinds have a real existence in nature
134
5.
Differentia
139
6.
Differentiæ for general purposes, and differentiæ for special or technical purposes
141
7.
Proprium
144
8.
Accidens
146
Chapter VIII. Of Definition.
§ 1.
A definition, what
148
2.
Every name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis
150
3.
Complete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions
152
4.
—and from descriptions
154
5.
What are called definitions of Things, are definitions of Names with an implied assumption of the existence of Things corresponding to them
157
6.
—even when such things do not in reality exist
165
7.
Definitions, though of names only, must be grounded on knowledge of the corresponding Things
167
BOOK II.
OF REASONING.
OF REASONING.
Chapter I. Of Inference, or Reasoning, in general.
§ 1.
Retrospect of the preceding book
175
2.
Inferences improperly so called
177
3.
Inferences proper, distinguished into inductions and ratiocinations
181
Chapter II. Of Ratiocination, or Syllogism.
§ 1.
Analysis of the Syllogism
184
2.
The dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a mere identical proposition
191
3.
What is the really fundamental axiom of Ratiocination
196
4.
The other form of the axiom
199
Chapter III. Of the Functions, and Logical Value, of the Syllogism.
§ 1.
Is the syllogism a petitio principii?
202
2.
Insufficiency of the common theory
203
3.
All inference is from particulars to particulars
205
4.
General propositions are a record of such inferences, and the rules of the syllogism are rules for the interpretation of the record
214
5.
The syllogism not the type of reasoning, but a test of it
218
6.
The true type, what
222
7.
Relation between Induction and Deduction
226
8.
Objections answered
227
9.
Of Formal Logic, and its relation to the Logic of Truth
231
Chapter IV. Of Trains of Reasoning, and Deductive Sciences.
§ 1.
For what purpose trains of reasoning exist
234
2.
A train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences
234
3.
—from particulars to particulars through marks of marks
237
4.
Why there are deductive sciences
240
5.
Why other sciences still remain experimental
244
6.
Experimental sciences may become deductive by the progress of experiment
246
7.
In what manner this usually takes place
247
Chapter V. Of Demonstration, and Necessary Truths.
§ 1.
The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses
251
2.
Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumstances exaggerated or omitted
255
3.
Some of the first principles of geometry are axioms, and these are not hypothetical
256
4.
—but are experimental truths
258
5.
An objection answered
261
6.
Dr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined
264
Chapter VI. The same Subject continued.
§ 1.
All deductive sciences are inductive
281
2.
The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience
284
3.
In what sense hypothetical
289
4.
The characteristic property of demonstrative science is to be hypothetical
290
5.
Definition of demonstrative evidence
292
Chapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to the preceding doctrines.
§ 1.
Doctrine of the Universal Postulate
294
2.
The test of inconceivability does not represent the aggregate of past experience
296
3.
—nor is implied in every process of thought
299
4.
Sir W. Hamilton's opinion on the Principles of Contradiction and Excluded Middle
306
BOOK III.
OF INDUCTION.
OF INDUCTION.
Chapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in general.
§ 1.
Importance of an Inductive Logic
313
2.
The logic of science is also that of business and life
314
Chapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called.
§ 1.
Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations
319
2.
—from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics
321
3.
—and from descriptions
323
4.
Examination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction
326
5.
Further illustration of the preceding remarks
336
Chapter III. On the Ground of Induction.
§ 1.
Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature
341
2.
Not true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem simplicem
346
3.
The question of Inductive Logic stated
348
Chapter IV. Of Laws of Nature.
§ 1.
The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws
351
2.
Scientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions
355
3.
Are there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others?
357
Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation.
§ 1.
The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation
360
2.
—i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent
363
3.
The cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions
365
4.
The distinction of agent and patient
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