The Universe by Laurentiu Mihaescu (13 inch ebook reader TXT) 📖

of the primary material, while BB represents a sudden expansion of a smaller quantity of the same material (which was in a highly compressed state - a structure called singularity in many current theories).

2. Scale:  FB is a global event, a fluctuation of the entire primordial material, while BB engaged only a part of this material - for example, a part that was gravitationally concentrated into a supermassive black hole of the Primary Universe [6].

3. Speed:  FB was a relatively slow process, yet having certain acceleration, while BB is an instant explosion of granular matter.

These universes ("parent" and "child") have evolved in similar ways; however, it is the FB moment, when the process of granular division has just been completed, which will be further used as a starting point to classify and characterize their future stages. Let's now consider that we are observers inside such a closed system called Universe, trying to discover its specific laws of physics and to establish precise units of measurement for all the quantities involved. To this purpose, some concrete systems of reference are also required, as we need to describe the motion in both relative and absolute manners.

2.2. Universe - First Stage

How can we describe this granular medium in its first moments? In short, there is a huge cloud formed of free granules that are randomly moving at a constant speed. We may already see the omnidirectional, quasi-uniform fluxes, but any compact granular structures, such as elementary particles or photons, do not exist yet. On a slightly larger scale, all this can be regarded as an amorphous substance of ultra-high-density (which decreases with the space expansion), having no identifiable points, regions or other marks. This special fluid, which is made up of those infinitesimally small granules, completely fills any available volume and dilates the three-dimensional space. As this granular system contains no structured matter, we cannot talk about mass and energy in their normal sense; consequently, we cannot talk about ordinary time either. However, space does exist in this period, but we cannot measure any length, we cannot establish a coordinate system and neither a direction of travel. The granular postulates (introduced by PT), all being valid at this moment, include special words such as mass, energy, impulse, but they are rather some reflections of the terms employed by the macroscopic level physics; anyway, their meaning was changed just a little, being projected and adapted to the granular level. As we know for sure that there is movement, particular terms such as relative and absolute keeps their usual meaning and may be freely used.

What can we say about the main physical quantities in this stage?

1. Granular space:  At first, the exact position of the Primary Universe cannot be specified, the uniqueness of its emergence process prevent us from doing so. The same rule applies to our Universe, the presumed "child": we cannot relate it to something else in order to determine the exact position of its initial singularity. Space, as three-dimensional framework, did not exist at the moment of FB, it was created during that bang. We may further consider this space as being a linear, uniform and isotropic frame, which is continuously expanding.

2. Number of dimensions:  The primordial "nothingness" had an unknown number of dimensions; its derivative products, space and matter, are three-dimensional things only in our perspective, as observers from inside the system. As we cannot relate this to something similar, the dimensional aspect can be further considered either an illusion or a geometric simplification.

3. Movement:  This phenomenon may be perceived if there are minimum two distinct material entities, by mutual reference. None of them has the "fixed" attribute for real, but to consider one of these entities as such could be an acceptable simplification. At this very first stage, the granular movement may only be described in a global and relative manner, as granules against other identical granules, and therefore it cannot be clearly defined or localized somewhere in that system.

4. Granular time:  As it was shown before, the flow of time can only be associated to space and

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Publication Date: 12-13-2017

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