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THE DESCENT OF MAN

AND

SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX

Works by Charles Darwin, F.R.S.

Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. With an Autobiographical Chapter. Edited by Francis Darwin. Portraits. 3 volumes 36s. Popular Edition. Condensed in 1 volume 7s 6d.

Naturalist’s Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of Countries Visited during a Voyage Round the World. With 100 Illustrations by Pritchett. 21s. Popular Edition. Woodcuts. 3s 6d. Cheaper Edition, 2s. 6d. net.

Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection; or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Large Type Edition, 2 volumes 12s. Popular Edition, 6s. Cheaper Edition with Portrait, 2s. 6d.

Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects. Woodcuts. 7s. 6d.

Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. Illustrations. 15s.

Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex. Illustrations. Large Type Edition, 2 volumes 15s. Popular Edition, 7s 6d. Cheaper Edition, 2s. 6d. net.

Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Illustrations. 12s.

Insectivorous Plants. Illustrations. 9s.

Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants. Woodcuts. 6s.

Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom. Illustrations. 9s.

Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. Illustrations. 7s. 6d.

Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. Woodcuts. 6s.

The above works are Published by John Murray.

Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Smith, Elder, & Co.

Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands and Parts of South America. Smith, Elder, & Co.

Monograph of the Cirripedia. Illustrations. 2 volumes. 8vo. Ray Society.

Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae, or Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain. Palaeontographical Society.

Monograph of the Fossil Balanidae and Verrucidae of Great Britain. Palaeontographical Society.

THE DESCENT OF MAN

AND

SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX

BY

CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., F.R.S.

Uniform with this Volume

The Origin of Species, by means of Natural Selection; or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Popular Edition, with a Photogravure Portrait. Large Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.

A Naturalist’s Voyage. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. “Beagle” round the World, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. Popular Edition, with many Illustrations. Large Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

During the successive reprints of the first edition of this work, published in 1871, I was able to introduce several important corrections; and now that more time has elapsed, I have endeavoured to profit by the fiery ordeal through which the book has passed, and have taken advantage of all the criticisms which seem to me sound. I am also greatly indebted to a large number of correspondents for the communication of a surprising number of new facts and remarks. These have been so numerous, that I have been able to use only the more important ones; and of these, as well as of the more important corrections, I will append a list. Some new illustrations have been introduced, and four of the old drawings have been replaced by better ones, done from life by Mr. T.W. Wood. I must especially call attention to some observations which I owe to the kindness of Prof. Huxley (given as a supplement at the end of Part I.), on the nature of the differences between the brains of man and the higher apes. I have been particularly glad to give these observations, because during the last few years several memoirs on the subject have appeared on the Continent, and their importance has been, in some cases, greatly exaggerated by popular writers.

I may take this opportunity of remarking that my critics frequently assume that I attribute all changes of corporeal structure and mental power exclusively to the natural selection of such variations as are often called spontaneous; whereas, even in the first edition of the ‘Origin of Species,’ I distinctly stated that great weight must be attributed to the inherited effects of use and disuse, with respect both to the body and mind. I also attributed some amount of modification to the direct and prolonged action of changed conditions of life. Some allowance, too, must be made for occasional reversions of structure; nor must we forget what I have called “correlated” growth, meaning, thereby, that various parts of the organisation are in some unknown manner so connected, that when one part varies, so do others; and if variations in the one are accumulated by selection, other parts will be modified. Again, it has been said by several critics, that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection, I invented sexual selection; I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the ‘Origin of Species,’ and I there stated that it was applicable to man. This subject of sexual selection has been treated at full length in the present work, simply because an opportunity was here first afforded me. I have been struck with the likeness of many of the half-favourable criticisms on sexual selection, with those which appeared at first on natural selection; such as, that it would explain some few details, but certainly was not applicable to the extent to which I have employed it. My conviction of the power of sexual selection remains unshaken; but it is probable, or almost certain, that several of my conclusions will hereafter be found erroneous; this can hardly fail to be the case in the first treatment of a subject. When naturalists have become familiar with the idea of sexual selection, it will, as I believe, be much more largely accepted; and it has already been fully and favourably received by several capable judges.

DOWN, BECKENHAM, KENT, September, 1874.

First Edition February 24, 1871. Second Edition September, 1874.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

PART I. THE DESCENT OR ORIGIN OF MAN. CHAPTER I.

The Evidence of the Descent of Man from some Lower Form.

Nature of the evidence bearing on the origin of man—Homologous structures in man and the lower animals—Miscellaneous points of correspondence— Development—Rudimentary structures, muscles, sense-organs, hair, bones, reproductive organs, etc.—The bearing of these three great classes of facts on the origin of man.

CHAPTER II.

On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form.

Variability of body and mind in man—Inheritance—Causes of variability— Laws of variation the same in man as in the lower animals—Direct action of the conditions of life—Effects of the increased use and disuse of parts— Arrested development—Reversion—Correlated variation—Rate of increase— Checks to increase—Natural selection—Man the most dominant animal in the world—Importance of his corporeal structure—The causes which have led to his becoming erect—Consequent changes of structure—Decrease in size of the canine teeth—Increased size and altered shape of the skull—Nakedness —Absence of a tail—Defenceless condition of man.

CHAPTER III.

Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals.

The difference in mental power between the highest ape and the lowest savage, immense—Certain instincts in common—The emotions—Curiosity— Imitation—Attention—Memory—Imagination—Reason—Progressive improvement —Tools and weapons used by animals—Abstraction, Self-consciousness— Language—Sense of beauty—Belief in God, spiritual agencies, superstitions.

CHAPTER IV.

Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals—continued.

The moral sense—Fundamental proposition—The qualities of social animals— Origin of sociability—Struggle between opposed instincts—Man a social animal—The more enduring social instincts conquer other less persistent instincts—The social virtues alone regarded by savages—The self-regarding virtues acquired at a later stage of development—The importance of the judgment of the members of the same community on conduct—Transmission of moral tendencies—Summary.

CHAPTER V.

On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties during Primeval and Civilised times.

Advancement of the intellectual powers through natural selection— Importance of imitation—Social and moral faculties—Their development within the limits of the same tribe—Natural selection as affecting civilised nations—Evidence that civilised nations were once barbarous.

CHAPTER VI.

On the Affinities and Genealogy of Man.

Position of man in the animal series—The natural system genealogical— Adaptive characters of slight value—Various small points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana—Rank of man in the natural system— Birthplace and antiquity of man—Absence of fossil connecting-links—Lower stages in the genealogy of man, as inferred firstly from his affinities and secondly from his structure—Early androgynous condition of the Vertebrata —Conclusion.

CHAPTER VII.

On the Races of Man.

The nature and value of specific characters—Application to the races of man—Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species—Sub-species—Monogenists and polygenists— Convergence of character—Numerous points of resemblance in body and mind between the most distinct races of man—The state of man when he first spread over the earth—Each race not descended from a single pair—The extinction of races—The formation of races—The effects of crossing— Slight influence of the direct action of the conditions of life—Slight or no influence of natural selection—Sexual selection.

PART II. SEXUAL SELECTION. CHAPTER VIII.

Principles of Sexual Selection.

Secondary sexual characters—Sexual selection—Manner of action—Excess of males—Polygamy—The male alone generally modified through sexual selection—Eagerness of the male—Variability of the male—Choice exerted by the female—Sexual compared with natural selection—Inheritance at corresponding periods of life, at corresponding seasons of the year, and as limited by sex—Relations between the several forms of inheritance—Causes why one sex and the young are not modified through sexual selection— Supplement on the proportional numbers of the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom— The proportion of the sexes in relation to natural selection.

CHAPTER IX.

Secondary Sexual Characters in the Lower Classes of the Animal Kingdom.

These characters are absent in the lowest classes—Brilliant colours— Mollusca—Annelids—Crustacea, secondary sexual characters strongly developed; dimorphism; colour; characters not acquired before maturity— Spiders, sexual colours of; stridulation by the males—Myriapoda.

CHAPTER X.

Secondary Sexual Characters of Insects.

Diversified structures possessed by the males for seizing the females— Differences between the sexes, of which the meaning is not understood— Difference in size between the sexes—Thysanura—Diptera—Hemiptera— Homoptera, musical powers possessed by the males alone—Orthoptera, musical instruments of the males, much diversified in structure; pugnacity; colours—Neuroptera, sexual differences in colour—Hymenoptera, pugnacity and odours—Coleoptera, colours; furnished with great horns, apparently as an ornament; battles; stridulating organs generally common to both sexes.

CHAPTER XI.

Insects, continued.—Order Lepidoptera.

(Butterflies and Moths.)

Courtship of Butterflies—Battles—Ticking noise—Colours common to both sexes, or more brilliant