The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals by Charles Darwin (classic book list TXT) 📖

acts on the heart, and causes the face to redden.

 

The fact that blushes may be excited in absolute solitude seems opposed to the view here taken, namely that the habit originally arose from thinking about what others think of us. Several ladies, who are great blushers, are unanimous in regard to solitude; and some of them believe that they have blushed in the dark.

From what Mr. Forbes has stated with respect to the Aymaras, and from my own sensations, I have no doubt that this latter statement is correct. Shakspeare, therefore, erred when he made Juliet, who was not even by herself, say to Romeo (act ii. sc. 2):—

 

Thou know’st the mask of night is on my face; Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek, For that which thou hast heard me speak to-night.”

 

But when a blush is excited in solitude, the cause almost always relates to the thoughts of others about us—to acts done in their presence, or suspected by them; or again when we reflect what others would have thought of us had they known of the act.

Nevertheless one or two of my informants believe that they have blushed from shame at acts in no way relating to others.

If this be so, we must attribute the result to the force of inveterate habit and association, under a state of mind closely analogous to that which ordinarily excites a blush; nor need we feel surprise at this, as even sympathy with another person who commits a flagrant breach of etiquette is believed, as we have just seen, sometimes to cause a blush.

 

Finally, then, I conclude that blushing,—whether due to shyness—

to shame for a real crime—to shame from a breach of the laws of etiquette—to modesty from humility—to modesty from an indelicacy—depends in all cases on the same principle; this principle being a sensitive regard for the opinion, more particularly for the depreciation of others, primarily in relation to our personal appearance, especially of our faces; and secondarily, through the force of association and habit, in relation to the opinion of others on our conduct.

 

Theory of Blushing.—We have now to consider, why should the thought that others are thinking about us affect our capillary circulation?

Sir C. Bell insists[31] that blushing “is a provision for expression, as may be inferred from the colour extending only to the surface of the face, neck, and breast, the parts most exposed. It is not acquired; it is from the beginning.” Dr. Burgess believes that it was designed by the Creator in “order that the soul might have sovereign power of displaying in the cheeks the various internal emotions of the moral feelings;”

so as to serve as a check on ourselves, and as a sign to others, that we were violating rules which ought to be held sacred.

Gratiolet merely remarks,—“Or, comme il est dans l’ordre de la nature que l’etre social le plus intelligent soit aussi le plus intelligible, cette faculte de rougeur et de paleur qui distingue l’homme, est un signe naturel de sa haute perfection.”

 

The belief that blushing was SPECIALLY designed by the Creator is opposed to the general theory of evolution, which is now so largely accepted; but it forms no part of my duty here to argue on the general question.

Those who believe in design, will find it difficult to account for shyness being the most frequent and efficient of all the causes of blushing, as it makes the blusher to suffer and the beholder uncomfortable, without being of the least service to either of them. They will also find it difficult to account for negroes and other dark-coloured races blushing, in whom a change of colour in the skin is scarcely or not at all visible.

 

[31] Bell, `Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 95. Burgess, as quoted below, ibid. p. 49. Gratiolet, De la Phys. p. 94.

 

No doubt a slight blush adds to the beauty of a maiden’s face; and the Circassian women who are capable of blushing, invariably fetch a higher price in the seraolio of the Sultan than less susceptible women.[32] But the firmest believer in the efficacy of sexual selection will hardly suppose that blushing was acquired as a sexual ornament.

This view would also be opposed to what has. just been said about the dark-coloured races blushing in an invisible manner.

 

The hypothesis which appears to me the most probable, though it may at first seem rash, is that attention closely directed to any part of the body tends to interfere with the ordinary and tonic contraction of the small arteries of that part.

These vessels, in consequence, become at such times more or less relaxed, and are instantly filled with arterial blood.

This tendency will have been much strengthened, if frequent attention has been paid during many generations to the same part, owing to nerve-force readily flowing along accustomed channels, and by the power of inheritance. Whenever we believe that others are depreciating or even considering our personal appearance, our attention is vividly directed to the outer and visible parts of our bodies; and of all such parts we are most sensitive about our faces, as no doubt has been the case during many past generations. Therefore, assuming for the moment that the capillary vessels can be acted on by close attention, those of the face will have become eminently susceptible.

Through the force of association, the same effects will tend to follow whenever we think that others are considering or censuring our actions or character.

 

As the basis of this theory rests on mental attention having some power to influence the capillary circulation, it will be necessary to give a considerable body of details, bearing more or less directly on this subject.

Several observers,[33] who from their wide experience and knowledge are eminently capable of forming a sound judgment, are convinced that attention or consciousness (which latter term Sir H. Holland thinks the more explicit) concentrated on almost any part of the body produces some direct physical effect on it.

This applies to the movements of the involuntary muscles, and of the voluntary muscles when acting involuntarily,—

to the secretion of the glands,—to the activity of the senses and sensations,—and even to the nutrition of parts.

 

[32] On the authority of Lady Mary Wortley Montague; see Burgess, ibid. p. 43.

 

It is known that the involuntary movements of the heart are affected if close attention be paid to them. Gratiolet[34] gives the case of a man, who by continually watching and counting his own pulse, at last caused one beat out of every six to intermit.

On the other hand, my father told me of a careful observer, who certainly had heart-disease and died from it, and who positively stated that his pulse was habitually irregular to an extreme degree; yet to his great disappointment it invariably became regular as soon as my father entered the room.

Sir H. Holland remarks,[35] that “the effect upon the circulation of a part from the consciousness suddenly directed and fixed upon it, is often obvious and immediate.” Professor Laycock, who has particularly attended to phenomena of this nature,[36]

insists that “when the attention is directed to any portion of the body, innervation and circulation are excited locally, and the functional activity of that portion developed.”

 

[33] In England, Sir H. Holland was, I believe, the first to consider the influence of mental attention on various parts of the body, in his `Medical Notes and Reflections,’ 1839 p. 64. This essay, much enlarged, was reprinted by Sir H. Holland in his `Chapters on Mental Physiology,’

1858, p. 79, from which work I always quote. At nearly the same time, as well as subsequently, Prof. Laycock discussed the same subject: see `Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,’ 1839, July, pp. 17-22. Also his `Treatise on the Nervous Diseases of Women,’ 1840, p. 110; and `Mind and Brain,’ vol. ii. 1860, p. 327. Dr. Carpenter’s views on mesmerism have a nearly similar bearing. The great physiologist Muller treated (`Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. pp. 937, 1085) of the influence of the attention on the senses. Sir J. Paget discusses the influence of the mind on the nutrition of parts, in his `Lectures on Surgical Pathology,’ 1853, vol. i. p. 39: 1 quote from the 3rd edit.

revised by Prof. Turner, 1870, p. 28. See, also, Gratiolet, De la Phys. pp. 283-287.

 

[34] De la Phys. p. 283.

 

It is generally believed that the peristaltic movements of the intestines are influenced by attention being paid to them at fixed recurrent periods; and these movements depend on the contraction of unstriped and involuntary muscles.

The abnormal action of the voluntary muscles in epilepsy, chorea, and hysteria is known to be influenced by the expectation of an attack, and by the sight of other patients similarly affected.[37] So it is with the involuntary acts of yawning and laughing.

 

Certain glands are much influenced by thinking of them, or of the conditions under which they have been habitually excited.

This is familiar to every one in the increased flow of saliva, when the thought, for instance, of intensely acid fruit is kept before the mind.” It was shown in our sixth chapter, that an earnest and long-continued desire either to repress, or to increase, the action of the lacrymal glands is effectual.

Some curious cases have been recorded in the case of women, of the power of the mind on the mammary glands; and still more remarkable ones in relation to the uterine functions.[39]

 

[35] `Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ 1858, p. 111. [36] `Mind find Brain,’ vol. ii. 1860, p. 327. [37] `Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ pp. 104-106. [38] See Gratiolet on this subject, De la Phys. p. 287. [39] Dr. J. Crichton Browne, from his observations on the insane, is convinced that attention directed for a prolonged period on any part or organ may ultimately influence its capillary circulation and nutrition.

He has given me some extraordinary cases; one of these, which cannot here be related in full, refers to a married woman fifty years of age, who laboured under the firm and long-continued delusion that she was pregnant.

When the expected period arrived, she acted precisely as if she had been really delivered of a child, and seemed to suffer extreme pain, so that the perspiration broke out on her forehead.

The result was that a state of things returned, continuing for three days, which had ceased during the six previous years.

Mr. Braid gives, in his `Magic, Hypnotism,’ &c., 1852, p.

95, and in his other works analogous cases, as well as other facts showing the great influence of the will on the mammary glands, even on one breast alone.

 

When we direct our whole attention to any one sense, its acuteness is increased;[40] and the continued habit of close attention, as with blind people to that of hearing, and with the blind and deaf to that of touch, appears to improve the sense in question permanently.

There is, also, some reason to believe, judging from the capacities of different races of man, that the effects are inherited.

Turning to ordinary sensations, it is well known that pain is increased by attending to it; and Sir B. Brodie goes so far as to believe that pain may be felt in any part of the body to which attention is closely drawn.[41] Sir H. Holland also remarks that we become not only conscious of the existence of a part subjected to concentrated attention, but we experience in it various odd sensations.

as of weight, heat, cold, tingling, or itching.[42]

 

Lastly, some physiologists maintain that the mind can influence the nutrition of parts. Sir J. Paget has given a curious instance of the power, not indeed of the mind, but of the nervous system, on the hair.