Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (best motivational novels .txt) 📖

puerōs laudant»
«117.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.

1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans.

4. The other woman is calling her chickens (her own). 5. Another woman is calling her chickens (not her own). 6. The Gaul praises his arms (his own). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (not his own). 8. This farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those wretched slaves long for their master (their own). 10. Those wretched slaves long for their master (not their own). 11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They love its villages and towns.

«118.» DIALOGUE[1] CORNELIUS AND MARCUS

  M. Quis est vir, Cornēlī, cum puerō parvō? Estne Rōmānus et līber?
  C. Rōmānus nōn est, Mārce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in
    silvīs Galliae.
  M. Estne puer fīlius eius servī an alterīus?
  C. Neutrīus fīlius est puer. Is est fīlius lēgātī Sextī.
  M. Quō puer cum eō servō properat?
  C. Is cum servō properat ad lātōs Sextī agrōs.[2] Tōtum frūmentum est
    iam mātūrum et magnus servōrum numerus in Italiae[3] agrīs labōrat.
  M. Agricolaene sunt Gallī et patriae suae agrōs arant?
  C. Nōn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gallī, nōn agrī cultūram. Apud eōs
    virī pugnant et fēminae auxiliō līberōrum agrōs arant parantque
    cibum.
  M. Magister noster puerīs puellīsque grātās Gallōrum fābulās saepe
    nārrat et laudat eōs saepe.
  C. Mala est fortūna eōrum et saepe miserī servī multīs cum lacrimīs
    patriam suam dēsīderant.

    [Footnote 1: There are a number of departures from the normal order
    in this dialogue. Find them, and give the reason.]

[Footnote 2: When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an adjective, a favorite order of words is adjective, genitive, noun.]

[Footnote 3: A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition and its object.]

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«Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, §§506-509»

* * * * *

LESSON XVIII «CONJUGATION» THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE TENSES OF «SUM»

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
   lūdus, -ī, m.,school
  «socius, socī», m., companion, ally (social)

  ADJECTIVES
  «īrātus, -a, -um», angry, furious (irate)
  «laetus, -a, -um», happy, glad (social)

  ADVERBS
   hodiē, to-day
  «ibi», there, in that place
   mox, presently, soon, of the immediate future
  «nunc», now, the present moment
  «nūper», lately, recently, of the immediate past

«119.» The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation (cf. §23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as, I am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in tense, mood, voice, person, and number.

«120.» «The Tenses.» The different forms of a verb referring to different times are called its tenses. The chief distinctions of time are present, past, and future:

  1. «The present», that is, what is happening now, or
     what usually happens, is expressed by
        THE PRESENT TENSE

  2. «The past», that is, what was happening, used to happen,
      happened, has happened, or had happened, is expressed by
        THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES

  3. «The future», that is, what is going to happen, is expressed by
        THE FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES

«121.» «The Moods.» Verbs have inflection of mood to indicate the manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive.

a. A verb is in the indicative mood when it makes a statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative.

«122.» «The Persons.» There are three persons, as in English. The first person is the person speaking (I sing); the second person the person spoken to (you sing); the third person the person spoken of (he sings). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal endings (cf. §22 a; 29). We have already learned that «-t» is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and «-nt» of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL 1st Pers. I -m or -ō we -mus 2d Pers. thou or you -s you -tis 3d Pers. he, she, it -t they -nt

«123.» Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called regular verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called irregular. The verb to be is irregular in Latin as in English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows:

  PRESENT INDICATIVE
              SINGULAR PLURAL
  1st Pers. su-m, I am su-mus, we are
  2d Pers. e-s, you[1] are es-tis, you[1] are
  3d Pers. es-t, he, she, or it is su-nt, they are

  IMPERFECT INDICATIVE
              SINGULAR PLURAL
  1st Pers. er-a-m, I was er-ā´-mus, we were
  2d Pers. er-ā-s, you were er-ā´-tis, you were
  3d Pers. er-a-t, he, she, or it was er-ā-nt, they were

  FUTURE INDICATIVE
              SINGULAR PLURAL
  1st Pers. er-ō, I shall be er´-i-mus, we shall be
  2d Pers. er-i-s, you will be er´-i-tis, you will be
  3d Pers. er-i-t, he will be er-u-nt, they will be

a. Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and consult §§12.2; 14; 15.

[Footnote 1: Observe that in English you are, you were, etc. may be either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms are never the same.]

«124.» DIALOGUE THE BOYS SEXTUS AND MARCUS

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.

  S. Ubi es, Mārce? Ubi est Quīntus? Ubi estis, amīcī?
  M. Cum Quīntō, Sexte, in silvā sum. Nōn sōlī sumus; sunt in silvā
    multī aliī puerī.
  S. Nunc laetus es, sed nūper nōn laetus erās. Cūr miser erās?
  M. Miser eram quia amīcī meī erant in aliō vicō et eram sōlus. Nunc
    sum apud sociōs meōs. Nunc laetī sumus et erimus.
  S. Erātisne in lūdo hodiē?
  M. Hodiē nōn erāmus in lūdō, quod magister erat aeger.
  S. Eritisne mox in lūdō?
  M. Amīcī meī ibi erunt, sed ego (I) nōn erō.
  S. Cūr nōn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irātus, inopiam tuam studī
    dīligentiaeque nōn laudat.
  M. Nūper aeger eram et nunc īnfīrmus sum.

«125.» EXERCISE

1. You are, you were, you will be, (sing. and plur.). 2. I am, I was, I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We are, we were, we shall be. 5. They are, they were, they will be.

6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. 8. To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The teachers were happy because of the boys’ industry.

[Illustration: PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO]

LESSON XIX THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

«126.» There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the distinguishing vowel, and is best seen in the present infinitive.

[Footnote 1: The stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. §58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in §230.]

Below is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation, the present stem, and the distinguishing vowel.

                                                    DISTINGUISHING
  CONJUGATION PRES. INFIN. PRES. STEM VOWEL
      I. «amā´re», to love «amā-» «ā»
     II. «monē´re», to advise «monē-» «ē»
    III. «re´gĕre», to rule «regĕ-» «ĕ»
     IV. «audī´re», to hear «audi-» «ī»

    a. Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by
    dropping «-re», the ending of the present infinitive.

NOTE. The present infinitive of «sum» is «esse», and «es-» is the present stem.

«127.» From the present stem are formed the present, imperfect, and future tenses.

«128.» The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows:

     «a´mō, amā´re» (love) «mo´neō, monē´re» (advise)
      PRES. STEM «amā-» PRES. STEM «monē-»

SINGULAR PLURAL PERSONAL ENDINGS 1. a´mō, I love mo´neō, I advise -ō 2. a´mās, you love mo´nēs, you advise -s 3. a´mat, he (she, it) loves mo´net, he (she, it) advises -t

1. amā´mus, we love monē´mus, we advise -mus 2. amā´tis, you love