A Handbook of the English Language by Robert Gordon Latham (books for men to read .txt) 📖

>OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.   274—281. The verb, how far a noun 203—206   CHAPTER XVIII.   ON DERIVED VERBS.   282. Divisions of verbs 207 282. Derivation 208, 209   CHAPTER XIX.   ON THE PERSONS.   283. Persons in English 210 284, 285. Historical view 211 286. Form in -t 212 287. Thou spakest, &c. 212 288. We loves 213   CHAPTER XX.   ON THE NUMBERS OF VERBS.   289. Numbers in English 214 290. Ran, run, &c. 215   CHAPTER XXI.   ON MOODS.   291—292. Moods in English 216   CHAPTER XXII.   ON TENSES IN GENERAL.   293. Strike, struck 217 294—296. Ἔτυπτον, &c. 217, 218 297. Reduplication 219 298. Weak or strong 220   CHAPTER XXIII.   THE STRONG TENSES.   299. Sing, sang, sung 221 300—303. Tables 222—225   CHAPTER XXIV.   THE WEAK TENSES.   304. Stabbed, &c. 226 305—307. Divisions 227, 228 309. Bought, sought 228 309. Forms in -te and -ode 229 310—312. Bred, beat, &c. 230 313. Leave, left 231 314. Made, had 231 314. Would, should, could 231 315. Aught 231 316. Durst, must, &c. 232 317. This will do 233 318. Mind 234 319. Yode 234 320. Did 234   CHAPTER XXV.   ON CONJUGATION.   321, 322. Weak and strong conjugations natural 235—237   CHAPTER XXVI.   DEFECTIVENESS AND IRREGULARITY.   323—325. Irregularity 238 326. Vital and obsolete processes 240 327. Processes of necessity, &c. 241 328. Ordinary processes 241 329. Positive 242 330. Normal 242 331. Could 243 332. Quoth 244 333. Real irregular verbs few 244   CHAPTER XXVII.   THE IMPERSONAL VERBS.   334, 335. Me-seems, me-listeth 246   CHAPTER XXVIII.   THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE.   336. Not irregular 247 337. Was 247 338—341. Be 248, 249 342. An 249 343. Worth 250   CHAPTER XXIX.   THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.   344. Forms in -ing 251 345. Forms in -ung 252   CHAPTER XXX.   THE PAST PARTICIPLE.   346. Forms in -en 254 347, 348. Drunken 254 349. Forlorn 255 350. Forms in -ed 255 351. The prefix Y 256   CHAPTER XXXI.   COMPOSITION.   352—357. Nature of compounds 258—261 358—361. Accent 261—266 362. Obscure compounds 266 363—365. Exceptions 266, 267, 268 366. Peacock, peahen 269 367. Nightingale 269 368. Improper compounds 270 369. Decomposites 270 370. Combinations 270, 271   CHAPTER XXXII.   ON DERIVATION AND INFLECTION.   371—373. Their nature 272—275   CHAPTER XXXIII.   ADVERBS.   374, 375. Their division 276 376—379. Adverbs of deflection 277 380. Darkling 278   CHAPTER XXXIV.   ON CERTAIN ADVERBS OF PLACE.   381—384. Hither, thither, &c 279 385. Hence, &c. 280 386. Yonder 280 387. Anon 281   CHAPTER XXXV.   ON WHEN, THEN, AND THAN.   388, 389. Their origin 282   CHAPTER XXXVI.   PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS.   390. Prepositions 283 391. Conjunctions 283 392. Yes, No 283 393. Particles 283   CHAPTER XXXVII.   ON THE GRAMMATICAL POSITION OF THE WORDS mine AND thine.   394—407. Equivalent to meus and tuus, rather than possessive cases 284—290   CHAPTER XXXVIII.   ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE WEAK PRÆTERITE.   408. Grimm's view 291 409, 410. Remarks of Dr. Trithen 291—293   PART V.   SYNTAX.   CHAPTER I.   ON SYNTAX IN GENERAL.   411, 412. Syntax 294 413. Personification 294 414. Ellipsis 295 415. Pleonasm 295 416. Zeugma 295 417. Pros to semainomenon 296 418. Apposition 296 419. Collectiveness 297 420. Reduction 297 421. Determination of part of speech 298 422—424. Convertibility 298, 299 425. The Blacks of Africa 299 426. None of your ifs 300 427. Convertible words numerous in English 300   CHAPTER II.   SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.   428. Rundell and Bridge's 301 429. Right and left 301   CHAPTER III.   SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.   430. Pleonasm 302 431. Collocation 302 432. Government 302 433. More wise, wiser 303 434. The better of the two 304 435. Syntax of adjectives simple 304   CHAPTER IV.   SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.   436. Pleonasm 305 437. Father's, not father his 305 438. Pleonasm and ellipses allied 306   CHAPTER V.   THE TRUE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.   439. Pronomen reverentiæ 307 440. Dativus ethicus 307 441. Reflected pronoun 307 442. Reflected neuters 308 443. Equivocal reflective 308   CHAPTER VI.   ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, AND THE PRONOUNS
OF THE THIRD PERSON.   444, 445. His and its 310, 311   CHAPTER VII.   ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORD self.   446, 447. Myself, himself, &c. 312, 313   CHAPTER VIII.   ON THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.   448—451. My and mine 314—316   CHAPTER IX.   THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.   452—456. Their concord 317, 318 457. Ellipsis 318 458. Equivocal antecedent 319   CHAPTER X.   ON THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.   459, 460. Direct and oblique questions 320   CHAPTER XI.   THE RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.   461, 462. Their construction 322, 323   CHAPTER XII.   THE INDETERMINATE PRONOUNS.   463—466. Use of it 324, 325 467, 468. Use of them 325   CHAPTER XX.   ON THE TENSES.   486. Present 342 486, 487. Preterite 342   CHAPTER XXI.   SYNTAX OF THE PERSONS OF VERBS.   488, 489. Their concord 344   CHAPTER XXII.   ON THE VOICES OF VERBS.   490. Hight 345   CHAPTER XXIII.   ON THE AUXILIARY VERBS.   491. Their classification 346—348 492. I have ridden 348 493. I am to speak 351 494. I am to blame 351 495. I am beaten 351   CHAPTER XXIV.   OF ADVERBS.   496, 497. Their syntax simple 353 498. Termination -ly 354 499. To walk and ride 354 500. From whence, &c. 354, 355   CHAPTER XXV.   ON PREPOSITIONS.   501. Climb up a tree 356 502. Part of the body 356   CHAPTER XXVI.   ON CONJUNCTIONS.   503, 504. Their nature 357—359 505. Their government 359 506—511. The subjunctive mood 359—364 512. Use of that 364 513. Succession of tenses 364 514. Disjunctives 365   CHAPTER XXVII.   THE SYNTAX OF THE NEGATIVE.   515. Its place 366 516. Its distribution 366 517. Two negatives 367 518. Questions of appeal 367   CHAPTER XXVIII.   ON THE CASE ABSOLUTE.   519. Its participial character 369   PART VI.   PROSODY.   520. Derivation of the word 371 521, 522. Importance of accent 371 523—526. Measures 372, 373 527. Metrical notation 374 528—535. Rhyme 374—377 536. Blank verse 377 537, 538. Last syllable indifferent 378 539, 540. Names of common English metres 379—384   PART VII.   DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.   541. Saxons and Angles 385 542—544. Dialects not coincident 385, 386 545, 546. Traces of the Danes 386, 387 547 Mercian origin of the written English 387   Notes 393

AN INTRODUCTION

TO THE STUDY OF

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. PART I.

GENERAL ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER I.

GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.—DATE.

§ 1. The first point to be remembered in the history of the English language, is that it was not the primitive and original tongue of any of the British Islands, nor yet of any portion of them. Indeed, of the whole of Great Britain it is not the language at the present moment. Welsh is spoken in Wales, Manks in the Isle of Man, and Scotch Gaelic in the Highlands of Scotland; besides which there is the Irish Gaelic in Ireland.

§ 2. The next point to be considered is the real origin and the real affinities of the English language.

Its real origin is on the continent of Europe, and its real affinities are with certain languages there spoken. To speak more specifically, the native country of the English language is Germany; and the Germanic languages are those that are the most closely connected with our own. In Germany, languages and dialects allied to each other and allied to the mother-tongue of the English have been spoken from times anterior to history; and these, for most purposes of philology, may be considered as the aboriginal languages and dialects of that country.

§ 3. Accredited details of the different immigrations from Germany into Britain.—Until lately the details of the different Germanic invasions of England, both in respect to the particular tribes by which they were made, and