Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (best motivational novels .txt) 📖

margin-left: 2%"> 1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of «laudō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», «audiō», with the English meanings. «207.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Fābula Andromedae nārrāta est. 2. Multae fābulae ā magistrō nārrātae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricolā validō arātus erat. 4. Agrī ab agricolīs validīs arātī erant. 5. Aurum ā servō perfidō ad domicilium suum portātum erit. 6. Nostra arma ā lēgātō laudāta sunt. Quis vestra arma laudāvit? 7. Ab ancillā tuā ad cēnam vocātae sumus. 8. Andromeda mōnstrō nōn data est, quia mōnstrum ā Perseō necātum erat.

II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured. 4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard.

LESSON XXXVI REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS · PREPOSITIONS YES-OR-NO QUESTIONS

[Special Vocabulary]

«dexter, dextra, dextrum», right (dextrous) «sinister, sinistra, sinistrum», left «frūstrā», adv., in vain (frustrate)

  «gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus», bear, carry on; wear;
    «bellum gerere», to wage war
  «occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus», seize, take possession of
    (occupy)
  «postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus», demand (ex-postulate)
  «recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus», refuse
  «stō, stāre, stetī, status», stand
  «temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus», try, tempt, test; attempt
  «teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ——», keep, hold (tenacious)

  The word «ubi», which we have used so much in the sense of where in
  asking a question, has two other uses equally important:

  1. «ubi» = when, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as,
    «Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt», when they heard the monster,
    they fled

  2. «ubi» = where, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as,
    «Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat», I see the town where Galba
    lives

«ubi» is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. When in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time «at which»; and in the second, where is equivalent to the place «in which».

«208.» The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in «-ūrus», which appears in the principal parts instead.

IRREGULAR VERBS

«sum» «esse» «fuī» «futūrus» be «absum» «abesse» «āfuī» «āfutūrus» be away «dō»[1] «dare» «dedī» «datus» give

[Footnote 1: «dō» is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short «a» in the present and participial stems.]

CONJUGATION I

«portō» «portāre» «portāvī» «portātus» carry

So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used.

CONJUGATION II

«contineō» «continēre» «continuī» «contentus» hold in, keep «dēleō» «dēlēre» «dēlēvī» «dēlētus» destroy «doceō» «docēre» «docuī» «doctus» teach «egeō» «egēre» «eguī» —— lack «faveō» «favēre» «fāvī» «fautūrus» favor «iubeō» «iubēre» «iussī» «iussus» order «moveō» «movēre» «mōvī» «mōtus» move «noceō» «nocēre» «nocuī» «nocitūrus» injure «pāreō» «pārēre» «pāruī» —— obey «persuādeō» «persuādēre» «persuāsī» «persuāsus» persuade (from) «prohibeō» «prohibēre» «prohibuī» «prohibitus» restrain, keep «respondeō» «respondēre» «respondī» «respōnsus» reply «sedeō» «sedēre» «sēdī» «-sessus» sit «studeō» «studēre» «studuī» —— be eager «videō» «vidēre» «vīdī» «vīsus» see

CONJUGATION III

«agō» «agere» «ēgī» «āctus» drive «crēdō» «crēdere» «crēdidī» «crēditus» believe «dīcō» «dīcere» «dīxī» «dictus» say «discēdō» «discēdere» «discessī» «discessus» depart «dūcō» «dūcere» «dūxī» «ductus» lead «faciō»[2] «facere» «fēcī» «factus» make «fugiō» «fugere» «fūgī» «fugitūrus» flee «iaciō» «iacere» «iēcī» «iactus» hurl «interficiō» «interficere» «interfēcī» «interfectus» kill «mittō» «mittere» «mīsī» «missus» send «rapiō» «rapere» «rapuī» «raptus» seize «resistō» «resistere» «restitī» —— resist

CONJUGATION IV

«mūniō» «mūnīre» «mūnīvī» «mūnītus» fortify «reperiō» «reperīre» «rep´perī» «repertus» find «veniō» «venīre» «vēnī» «ventus» come

    [Footnote 2: «faciō» has an irregular passive which will be
    presented later.]

«209.» «Prepositions.»
  1. We learned in §§52, 53 that only the accusative and the
  ablative are used with prepositions, and that prepositions
  expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have
  had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.

«ā» or «ab», from, by «cum», with «dē», down from, concerning «ē» or «ex», out from, out of «prō», before, in front of; for, in behalf of «sine», without

2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the accusative (§52). Of these we have had the following:

«ad», to; «apud», among; «per», through

There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.

3. The preposition «in» when meaning in or on governs the ablative; when meaning to, into, against (relations foreign to the ablative) «in» governs the accusative.

«210.» «Yes-or-No Questions.» Questions not introduced by some interrogative word like who, why, when, etc., but expecting the answer yes or no, may take one of three forms:

  1. Is he coming? (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to
       the answer expected.)
  2. Is he not coming? (Expecting the answer yes.)
  3. He isn´t coming, is he? (Expecting the answer no.)

These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:

1. «Venitne?» is he coming? 2. «Nōnne venit?» is he not coming? 3. «Num venit?» he isn´t coming, is he?

a. «-ne», the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which then stands first.

b. We learned in §56.b that yes-or-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, «ita», «vērō», «certē», etc. (so, truly, certainly, etc.) may be used for yes, and «nōn», «minimē», etc. for no if the denial is emphatic, as, by no means, not at all.

«211.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.

I. 1. Nōnne habēbat Cornēlia ōrnāmenta aurī? Habēbat. 2. Num Sextus lēgātus scūtum in dextrō bracchiō gerēbat? Nōn in dextrō, sed sinistrō in bracchiō Sextus scūtum gerēbat. 3. Frūstrā bella multa ab Gallīs gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum ā perfidō Sextō occupātum est, oppidānī miserī gladiō interfectī sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plēnum frūmentī. 6. Nōnne Sextus ab oppidānīs frūmentum postulāvit? Vērō, sed iī recūsāvērunt frūmentum dare. 7. Cūr oppidum ab Sextō dēlētum est? Quia frūmentum recūsātum est. 8. Ea victōria nōn dubia erat. 9. Oppidānī erant dēfessī et armīs egēbant. 10. Num fugam temptāvērunt? Minimē.

II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered. 2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold. 3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did. 4. Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left arm. 5. She didn´t have the lady’s gold, did she? No, the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.

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«Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, §§513-516»

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LESSON XXXVII CONJUGATION OF POSSUM · THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH

[Special Vocabulary]

  «neque» or «nec», conj.,