A Manual of the Malay language by Sir Maxwell William Edward (fantasy novels to read .TXT) 📖
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J., S., and Bat. raja.
Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay chiefs)
mahârâjamahârâja (a king, sovereign)
Adiraja (a title) âdirâjaâdhirâja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and of a son of Kuru)
King (reigning monarch)
bagindabhâgya (merit, happiness)
J. bagenda; S. baginda.Paduka (a title of respect used in addressing persons of rank)
paduka34
pâduka (a shoe)
J. and S. paduka.Duli (a title used in addressing royalty)
dûli34
dhuli (dust)
J. duli; Bat. daholi.
Queen permeisûrîparameçvarî (a title of Durga, wife of Çiva)
J. prameswari; S. permasuri. Prince putrâputra (a son)
J. and S. putra. Princess putrîputrî (a daughter)
J. and S. putri. Minister mantrîmantrin (councillor)
J. mantri; Mak. mantari; S. mantri, a minor official.
Chief minister
pardana-mantri pradhâna Councillor paramantripara (highest)
Officer of the household
sîda-sîdasiddha (priest, learned man)
Warrior, royal escort
hulubâlangbala (army)
J. and Bat. hulubalang.
Sage, royal adviser
pandîta paṇḍita J. and S. pandita.Laksamana (one of the officers of state)
laksamânaLakshmaṇa (the son of Daçaratha by Sumitrâ)
J. and S. laksmana. Treasurer bandahârabhâṇḍâgâra (treasure)
Mak. bandara; J. bendara, master; S. bandaran; custom-house.
Throne singgahasana siṃhâsanaKw. and S. singasana.
Palace astanasthâna (place, whence the Persian astana, a threshold, a fakir’s residence)
Crown makôta mukuṭaJ. and S. makuta; Mak. makota.
Royal insignia
upacharaupachâra (service)
J. upachara.Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only
magatmâgadha (the son of a Vaiçya by a Kshatriya woman)
Officer (hero)
punggâwapuṅgava (a bull; as latter part of compound words, “excellent,” e.g., nara-puṅgava, an excellent warrior)
J., S., and Mak. punggawa.
The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into the Malay language of such terms as the following, among others:—
English. Malay. Sanskrit. Other Languages. Country negrînagara and nagarî
J. and S. nagara. District dêsa diçâJ., and S., Bat., and D. desa; Mak. dessa.
Tax ûpatî utpatti J. and S. upeti.Hall, court
bâleivalaya (an enclosure)
S. balé; D. balai, open building; J. balé, bench; Bat. balé, hut on a king’s tomb.
Examine, inquire
preḳsa parîkshâJ. priksa; Mak. paressa; D. pariksa and riksa.
Cause, suit
bicharavichâra (consideration, discussion)
Mak. and D. bichara; J. wichara; S. pichara.
Witness saḳsi sâkshinJ., S., D., Tag., and Bis. saksi.
Crime dosadush (to sin)
J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. dosa.
Insult, trespass
ângkâraahaṃkâra (pride)
Kw. angkara.Injustice, oppression
ânyâya anyâya J. aniaya. Inheritance pusâkapush (to possess)
J., S., and Mak. pusaka.
Action, negotiation
sanggêtasaṃketa (appointment, convention)
Proof bitivitti (probability)
Cause, matter in dispute
âchâraâchara (conduct)
Punishment siḳsaçikshâ (learning)
J. and S. siksa; Mak. sessa.
Fine denda daṇḍaJ. and S. denda; Bat. dangdang; D. danda.
Prison panjârapanjara (a cage)
J. and S. kunjara; Mak. panjara; Bat. binjara; a trap; D. jara and panjara, punished.
Punishment (of a disgraceful kind inflicted on women)
drumadruh (to hurt)
Slave sahâyasahâya (companion)
Free, liberated
mardahîkamṛidh (to pardon?)
J. and S. mardika; Bat. mardaekoh; Mak., Bu., and D. maradeka; Tag. mahadlika
Executioner palabâyapara (exceeding) bhaya (fear)
The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those connected with the Hindu religion, and with the demon-worship or spirit-worship, which was the earliest form which the religious sentiment took among the Malay tribes.35 After the conversion of the Malays to the faith of Muhammad, the traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the aboriginal superstitions, and neither have been entirely obliterated by the cult which superseded them. The belief in the power of malignant spirits to cause misfortune, sickness, and death is still strong among the Malays, whose pawangs or medicine-men claim to be able to propitiate demons by spells, prayers, and offerings. These men frequently invoke benevolent spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and other Hindu deities, in complete ignorance that they are Hindu,36 to counteract the evil influences of malevolent demons. Practices of this sort prevail most generally in places remote from Arab influence.
The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms of Hinduism when they adopted a new religion. For instance, puâsa,37 abstinence, fasting (Sansk. upavâsa), is used to express the annual fast of the Muhammadans during the month Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their Sanskrit names.
The following are some of the principal theological terms which have passed from Sanskrit into Malay:—
English. Malay. Sanskrit. Other Languages. Religion âgâmaâgama (sacred science)38
J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. agama.
Spiritual guide
gûrû guruJ., S. Mak., Bu., and D. guru.
Praise, adoration
puji, puja
pûj (to honour)
pûjâ (worshipping)
J. and S. puji, puja; Bat. and Mak. puji; D. mampuji; to invoke.
Religious penance
tâpa tapasJ., S., Mak., D., and Bu. tapa.
Heaven sûrga svarga J. suwarga; S. surga. Hellnâraka, patâla
naraka, pâtâla
J., S., Mak., and D. naraka; S. patala.
Fast, abstinence
puâsa upavâsaJ., S., Mak., D., and Bis. puasa; Bat. puaso.
Supernatural power
saḳtîçakti (strength, power)
J. and S. sakti.Meritorious service, merit
baḳtîbhakti (worship, devotion)
J. and S. bakti.Sacred formula, charm, spell
mantrâ mantra J. and S. mantra. Incense dûpa dhûpaJ., S., Mak., Bu., and D. dupa; Bat. daupa; Tag. dupa-an, censer.
Incense (made of eight ingredients)
istanggiashṭaka (a collection of eight things)
S. istanggi; Mak. satanggi.
Censer (a bamboo split at one end, and opened out so as to form a receptacle)
sangkaçaṅkha (conchshell used for libations)
Trumpet sangkakalaçaṅkha (conchshell used for blowing as a horn), kala (time)
Protection, blessing, or invocation to secure protection
sempana sampannaSati, self-sacrifice on the tomb of a lord or husband
belavelâ (sudden death?)
J. and Bat. bela.
Recluse, devotee
bikubhikshu (a religious mendicant)
Kw. wiku; Siam. phiku, a devotee, beggar.
Mystic words prefixed to prayers and invocations
Om, hong39
om (a mystic word prefacing all prayers); hum (a mystic syllable used in incantations)
J. hong.Sacrifice, burnt-offering
hûmumhoma (sacrifice)
DEITIES, &c.
A god batâraavatâra (descent)
J., S., Bat., and Mak. batara; Bis. batala, idol.
Minor deity
dêwa, dêwâta
deva, devatâ
J. and S. dewa, dewata; Mak. dewa, rewata; D. dewa; Bis. dia, idol; Bat. debata; Bu. dewata.
Do. (female)
dêwî devîJ., S., and Mak. dewi.
Names supposed by Malays to belong to powerful spirits or demons
BrahmaBrahma (one of the three principal Hindu deities)
BisnûVishnu (one of the three principal Hindu deities)
Srî Râma
Râma (the hero of the Râmâyana)
RanjûnaArjuna (the third son of Pandu)
BarûnaVaruṇa (the deity of the waters)
S. Baruna. Mahêswâra Maheçvara HandûmanHanumant (the monkey chief in the Râmâyana)
MahareshîMaharshi (a sage of a pre-eminent class)
Supernatural beings
IndrâIndra (king of heaven)
Kw. Endra; S. Indra.
ChandrâChandra (the moon)
J. and S. Chandra.
Nymph, goddess
BidyâdârîVidyâdharî (a female demi-god)
J. Widadari; Mak. Bidadari.
DEMONS, &c.
Demonjana, janu
jana (creature, demon)
Malignant spirit
bôta bhûtaJ. and S. buta; Mak. bota.
Name of a particular demon
pancha-maha-bôta
panchan (five); bhûta (element); the five elements according to the Hindus are earth, fire, water, air, and æther
A kind of demon
bôgabhoga (a snake)
Name of a particular demon
bûjanggabhujaṃga (a snake)
J. bujongga; S. bujangga.An evil spirit
rakshâsa râkshasa J. and S. raksasa.Ghost, goblin
hantûhantu (death)
J. antu; Bat. and S. hantu; D. hantu, corpse.
Spectre (which haunts the scene of a murder or sudden death)
bâdeivadha (killing, murder)
A female who chants incantations
bîdû, bidûan
vidhavâ (a widow)
Bat. biduwan.
Spell to cause death
permâyapramaya (death)
Bat. parangmayo. A demon danâwa dânava J. danawa.A daitya or demon
ditya daitya Kw. ditya.A supernatural monster
gargâsikarkaça (cruel), or perhaps, from ugra, very strong, terrible, cruel
J. gargasi, a large bird
Magic sastarâçâstra (science, learning)
Magician, sorcerer
sastarâwançâstravant (skilled in the holy writings)
A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay language has been enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in their national or racial name. The origin of the word Malayu (the native word from which we obtain our “Malay”) has been made the subject of some discussion by several authors. Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word malaya, while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word. These views are summarised in the following extract from the introduction to the Malay Grammar of the Abbé Favre:—
“Some authors, and particularly Dr. Leyden, whose authority in this matter is of great weight, derive the word malayu from the Tamil malé, which means ‘mountain,’ whence malaya, ‘chain of mountains,’ a word applied in Sanskrit to the Western Ghauts.
“Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a mere resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word malaya and the name of the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify this derivation.40
“Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to command belief, and has been regarded as not altogether unfounded by M. Louis de Backer, who has recently published a work on the Indian Archipelago.41
“Another theory, which has the support of Werndly,42 is so far simple and rational that it seeks the etymology of this word in the traditions of the Malays and in books written by themselves. Thus, in a work which has the greatest authority among them, and which is entitled Sulālates-salātin, or Sejārat malāyu, the following passage occurs:—
“‘There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom called Palembang, opposite to the island of Banka; a river flows there which is still called Tatang, into the upper portion of which another river falls, after having watered the spurs of the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay princes claim as the cradle of their origin); the tributary is called Melayu, or Malayu.’ The meaning of this word is ‘to flow quickly’ or ‘rapidly,’ from layu, which in Javanese as well as in the dialect of Palembang signifies ‘swift, rapid;’ it has become laju, melaju, in Malay by the conversion of ي into ج, a change which is by no means rare in Malay, as it may be seen in يهوري and جهوري,43 from the Sanskrit ayuta and yodi, and in جوري jehudi, from the Arabic جوت yehudi, &c.
“Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the habit of settling along the banks of rivers and streams, whence it comes that a great number of their towns have taken the names of the rivers on or near which they are situated, such as Johor, Pahang, &c. In this way ‘the country situated near the river of which the current is rapid,’ Sungei Malayu, would take the name of Tanah Malayu, and the inhabitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief named Demang Lebar Daun) that of Orang Malayu, just as the inhabitants of Johor and Pahang are called Orang Johor, Orang Pahang; and their language is called Bahasa Orang Malayu or Bahasa Malayu.
“The name of Malayu thus applied to the people and to the language spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun, whose son-in-law, Sang Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau or Pagar Ruwang, a powerful empire in the interior of Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar Daun, named Sang Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang Nila Utama, married the daughter of the queen of Bentan, and immediately founded the kingdom of Singapore, a place previously known as Tamassak. It was a descendant of his, Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of Malacca, which extended over a great part of the peninsula; and, after the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese, became the empire of Johor. It is thus that a portion of the Indian Archipelago has taken the name of Tanah Malayu, ‘Malay country.’
“One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was married to the Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which extended over the island of Java and beyond it; and another was married to the Emperor of China, a circumstance which contributed not a little to render the name of Malayu or Malay known in distant parts.”44
This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of wide application, which is known wherever Malays have established themselves, is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form found only in Javanese and the dialect of Palembang. If the arguments adduced in support of it are to apply, we must first of all admit the very doubtful historical accuracy of the Sejarah Malayu, from which they are drawn.
There is a Malay word, layu, which means “faded,” “withered,” and it is only the exigency of finding a word applicable to a river that makes it necessary to look for a derivation in laju, swift. In this or some kindred sense the word laju is found in
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