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Read books online » Education » Sequence Of Nucleic Acid And Structure Of Gene by Hussan Ahmad Ks (namjoon book recommendations .txt) 📖

Book online «Sequence Of Nucleic Acid And Structure Of Gene by Hussan Ahmad Ks (namjoon book recommendations .txt) 📖». Author Hussan Ahmad Ks



Sequence Of Nucleic Acid And Structure Of Gene

Sequence of nucleic acid and structure of gene in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

 

 

 

 


Presented to: Mam Syeda Amna Batool Presented by: Sadiqa Salamat Roll No 39 BS Botany 7th


Nucleic acid

 

 


• Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction.

 

 

 


• Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

 

 

 


• Nucleotides are carbon ring structures containing nitrogen linked to a 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate group.

History

 

 

 

 

 

 


• Firstly it is called nuclein because it is isolated from the nuclei of pus cells.

 

 

 


• Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties, hence it became called nucleic acid.

Types of nucleic acid

 

 


• There are two types of nucleic acid

 

 

 


• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

 

 

 

 

 

 


• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

The distribution of nucleic acids in the eukaryotic cell

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


• DNA is found in the nucleus


• with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts

 

 

 


• RNA is found throughout the cell

Nucleic acid structure

 

 


• Nucleic acid are polynucleotides.


• Their building blocks are nucleotides.

 

 

 


• All nucleotides contain three components • A nitrogen base

• A pentose sugar


• A phosphate group

Ribose is a pentose

Difference

Nucleotide structure

The sugar phosphate backbone

 

 

 

 


• The nucleotides are all orientated in the same direction


• The phosphate group joins the 3rd Carbon of one sugar to the 5th Carbon of the next in line.

Bases in nucleotides

 

 

 

 

 

 


• The bases are attached to the 1st carbon

 

 

 


• Their order is important because it determines the genetic information of the molecule.


DNA is made of two strands of polynucleotide

Nucleotides and Nucleosides

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


• Nucleotide = Nitrogenous base + Pentose + Phosphate

 

 

 

 

 

 


• Nucleoside = Nitrogenous base + Pentose

Nucleic Acid Functions:

 

 

 

 

 


• Storage of genetic information (DNA)

 

 

 


• Transmission of genetic information (mRNA)

 

 

 


• Processing of genetic information (ribozymes)

 

 

 


• Protein synthesis (tRNA and rRNA)

How DNA Works

 

 

 

 


• 1- DNA stores genetic information in segments called genes


• 2- The DNA code is in Triplet Codons (short sequences of 3 nucleotides each)


• 3- Certain codons are translated by the cell into certain Amino


• acids.


• 4. Thus, the sequence of nucleotides in DNA indicate a sequence of Amino acids in a protein.

The sequence of bases in DNA forms the genetic code

 

 

 

 

 

 


• A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell.

This is known as the triplet code

 


• Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid

 

 

 


• CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG -CCA


• Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly

 

 

 


• The amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make part of a protein

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Structure of gene in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Introduction

 

 

 


• A gene is specific sequence of DNA containing genetic information required to make a specific protein

 

 

 


• Prokaryotic gene is uninterrupted.


• In eukaryotic gene the coding sequences (exon) are separated by non coding sequences called introns.

History

 

 


• Mendel in 1865 on the basis of breeding experiment with peas. He assumed that each trait determined by a pair of inherited factor which are now called gene

 

 

 

 

 

 


• But firstly this term gene is coined by wilhelm in 1909.

What is gene?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


• The gene is the functional unit of heredity.


• Each game is a segment of DNA that give rise to protein


• A gene may exist in alternative forms called alleles. • Chromosome in fact carry gene.

Prokaryotic gene structure

 

 


Prokaryotic genes are collinear with their proteins

 

 


Coding regions

 

 


Promoter element

 

 


Terminal region

Coding region

 

 


• Starts with an initiator codon and ends with termination codon

 

 

 


• No introns

 

 

 


• Collinear to its k RNA

Promotes elements

 

 


• The upstream elements from the start of the coding region include promoter sequences.


• At -10 there is a sequence TATAAT


• At-35 another consensus sequence is TTGACA

Terminal region of the gene

 

 


• Sequences for the termination of transcription


• It take place by Rho dependent more or Rho independent mode


Eukaryotic gene structure

 

 


• Exons • Introns

• Promoter sequences


• Terminator sequences • Enhancer

• Silencer

Exons

• Coding sequence, transcribed and translated. Coding for amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

• Vary in number, sequence and length. A gene start and ends with exon

Introns

• Coding sequences are separated by non coding sequences called introns .

• Any nucleotide sequence that are removed when the primary transcript is processed to give the nature RNA are called introns.

• All introns share the base sequence GT in the 5' end and AG in the 3' end.

Promoters

 


• A promotor is a regulatory region. • Core promotor

• Transcription start site


• Finding site for RNA polymerase


• General transcription factor binding sites. • Proximal promotor

• Specific transcription factor binding site

Terminator

 

 


• Recognized by RNA polymerase as a signal to stop transcription.


• Enhancer


• Enhance the transcription of a game • silences

• reduce or shut off the expression of a near by gene


Significance of introns

 

 


• Introns don't specify the synthesis of proteins but have other important cellular activities.


• Introns allow exons to he joined in different combinations, resulting in the synthesis of different proteins from the same gene.

 

• Important role in evolution by facilitating recombination between exons of different genes (exon shuffling)


Imprint

Publication Date: 12-29-2020

All Rights Reserved

Dedication:
Book By Hussan Ahmad Ks Nucleic acid • Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction. • Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. • Nucleotides are carbon ring structures containing nitrogen linked to a 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate group. History • Firstly it is called nuclein because it is isolated from the nuclei of pus cells • Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties, hence it became called nucleic acid. Nucleic acid structure • Nucleic acid are polynucleotides. • Their building blocks are nucleotides. • All nucleotides contain three components • A nitrogen base • A pentose sugar • A phosphate group

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