Network Terms to Learn by Kalai Selvi Arivalagan (short books to read txt) 📖

Business Intelligence Architecture

Business intelligence architecture can be defined as a framework that provides standards, best practices and policies that help in analyzing business data.  Business intelligence architecture provides a set of computer-based techniques that can be used to create business intelligence systems for business intelligence data reporting and analysis.

Xavier Initialization

Xavier initialization is an attempt to improve the initialization of neural network weighted inputs, in order to avoid some traditional problems in machine learning. Here, the weights of the network are selected for certain intermediate values that have a benefit in machine learning application.

Columnar Database

A columnar database is a database management system (DBMS) that stores data in columns rather than in rows as relational DBMSs do. The main differences between a columnar database and a traditional row-oriented database are centered around performance, storage necessities and schema modifying techniques. The goal of this type of database is to effectively read and write data to and from the secondary storage in order to be able to speed up the processing time in returning a query.  A columnar database may also be known as a column-oriented database.

The Singularity

The Singularity refers to the emergence of super-intelligent machines with capabilities that cannot be predicted by humans.  This theoretical idea sounds like science fiction, but the increasing speed of computing power has led many experts to believe that it will eventually transform human life to something that would not be recognizable today.  According to science fiction writer Vernor Vinge, who popularized the term, the Singularity could occur as a result of artificial intelligence (AI), human biological enhancement or brain-computer interfaces.  The Singularity is also known as: "The Technological Singularity."

Software Engineering

Software engineering is the process of analyzing user needs and designing, constructing, and testing end-user applications that will satisfy these needs through the use of software programming languages. It is the application of engineering principles to software development.  In contrast to simple programming, software engineering is used for larger and more complex software systems, which are used as critical systems for businesses and organizations.

Soft Robotics
Soft robotics is the subset of robotics that focuses on technologies that more closely resemble the physical characteristics of living organisms. Experts describe the soft robotics approach as a form of biomimicry in which the traditionally linear and somewhat stilted aspects of robotics are replaced by much more sophisticated models that imitate human, animal and plant life.

 vCloud Air

VCloud Air is a public cloud platform from the well-known VMware vendor that has become such a big name in network virtualization. VMware offers infrastructure as a service (IaaS) options through vCloud Air, along with various types of workload handling and significant security design. 

Power Over Ethernet

Power over Ethernet (PoE) describes a design where electrical power is passed along twisted-pair Ethernet cables. This type of electrical engineering is great for convenience and practicality for a wide variety of small electrical appliances. Power over Ethernet can involve standardized or ad hoc systems.

Star Topology

Star topology is a network topology where each individual piece of a network is attached to a central node (often called a hub or switch). The attachment of these network pieces to the central component is visually represented in a form similar to a star.  Star topology is also known as a star network.

Android Debug Bridge

The Android Debug Bridge (ADB) is a client-server program used in Android application development. The Android Debug-Bridge is part of the Android SDK and is made up of three components: a client, a daemon, and a server. It is used to manage either an emulator instance or an actual Android device.

Spatial Data

Spatial data refers to all types of data objects or elements that are present in a geographical space or horizon. It enables the global finding and locating of individuals or devices anywhere in the world.  Spatial data is also known as geospatial data, spatial information or geographic information.

Firesheep

Firesheep is a Mozilla Firefox extension that uses packet sniffing to hijack unsecured Wi-Fi network sessions and capture unencrypted website cookies during network data transmission.  Firesheep was created by software developer Eric Butler and released in 2010 to prove the security risks associated with a number of popular websites, including Facebook and Twitter. The software served to highlight a major Web browsing security flaw that could expose users to malicious hackers. Of course, its capabilities were also useful to hackers, leading to some public concern about the software.

Supernet

A supernet is created by combining several Internet Protocol (IP) networks or subnets into one network with a single classless interdomain routing (CIDR) prefix. The new combined network has the same routing prefix as the collection of the prefixes of the subnets. The procedure used to create a supernet is commonly called supernetting, route aggregation or route summarization. Supernetting enables organizations to modify their network size and minimize the extensive requirement of network routing devices by combining several independent routes. It also helps to conserve address space and helps the router to effectively store routing information and minimize processing overheads while matching the routes. Supernetting supports the CIDR address coding scheme, allowing routing table entries to be reduced.

Concatenation

Concatenation, in the context of programming, is the operation of joining two strings together. The term"concatenation" literally means to merge two things together. Also known as string concatenation.

Random Walk

The random walk is a somewhat popular mathematical construct that is used in computer science, and now in machine learning. It is described as a "stochastic" process because it works through the application of random variables. The random walk essentially tracks incremental steps by a particular modeled intelligence or digital "rational actor."

Data Cholesterol

Data cholesterol is a slang term that refers to the slowing effect that huge amounts of improperly managed information can have on an organization's IT infrastructure. Large amounts of data can slow applications, make it difficult to find relevant information and generally impede an organization. Data cholesterol has many causes, including increased regulatory requirements that require more information to be stored for longer amounts of time, and a general increase in data gathering and analytical techniques.

Neuromorphic Computing

Neuromorphic computing utilizes an engineering approach or method based on the activity of the biological brain. This type of approach can make technologies more versatile and adaptable, and promote more vibrant results than other types of traditional architectures, for instance, the von Neumann architecture that is so useful in traditional hardware design. Neuromorphic computing is also known as neuromorphic engineering.

Deep Residual Network

A deep residual network (deep ResNet) is a type of specialized neural network that helps to handle more sophisticated deep learning tasks and models. It has received quite a bit of attention at recent IT conventions, and is being considered for helping with the training of deep networks.

Clickwrap Agreement

A clickwrap agreement is a type of contract that is widely used with software licenses and online transactions in which a user must agree to terms and conditions prior to using the product or service.

The format and content of clickwrap agreements vary by vendor. However, most of clickwrap agreements require the consent of end users by clicking an "OK," "I Accept" or "I Agree" button on a pop-up window or a dialog box. The user may reject the agreement by clicking the Cancel button or closing the window. Once rejected, the user us unable to use the service or product.  A clickwrap agreement is also known as a clickwrap license or clickthrough agreement.

Input Layer

The input layer of a neural network is composed of artificial input neurons, and brings the initial data into the system for further processing by subsequent layers of artificial neurons. The input layer is the very beginning of the workflow for the artificial neural network.

Propeller Head

Propeller head is an urban slang term for someone who is exceptionally knowledgeable, especially in a technical field. This slang has become synonymous with computer geek or techno-geek. Propeller head was first used in 1982, and is still used in technology development companies and organizations. The term was taken from cartoon characters of techie fans who happen to wear a child's beanie cap with a propeller sticking out at the top of it. A propelller head may also be called a prophead.

X-Y-Z Matrix

An X-Y-Z matrix is a three-dimensional structure whereby the x-axis and y-axis denote the first two dimensions and the z-axis is the third dimension. In a graphic image, the x denotes width, y denotes height and the z represents depth.  An X-Y-Z matrix is also known as a 3-D matrix.

Extreme Learning Machine

The extreme learning machine (ELM) is a particular kind of machine learning setup in which a single layer or multiple layers apply. The ELM includes numbers of hidden neurons where the input weights are assigned randomly. Extreme learning machines use the concept of random projection and early perceptron models to do specific kinds of problem-solving.

Baud

Baud (Bd) is a data transmission unit that shows how many signaling elements or symbol changes (electronic state change) are sent per second in a line code or a digitally modulated signal. It is not the measure of data transfer speed, but the measure of modulation. This should not be confused with the actual gross data transfer rate, which is expressed in bits per second. Although the two are related, they are not equal.

Logistic Regression

Logistic regression is a kind of statistical analysis that is used to predict the outcome of a dependent variable based on prior observations.  For example, an algorithm could determine the winner of a presidential election based on past election results and economic data. Logistic regression algorithms are popular in machine learning.

Quantum Volume

Quantum volume is a term coined by tech leader IBM in pursuing measurements for how powerful a quantum computer is. Quantum volume can help to determine the uses and applications of quantum computing systems in modern industries.

Data Protection Directive

The Data Protection Directive is a European law that regulates the use of personal data. As a legal standard and guideline, the Data Protection Directive sets various limits on the ways that personal data can be used by third parties.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a modern type of public-key cryptography wherein the encryption key is made public, whereas the decryption key is kept private.  This particular strategy uses the nature of elliptic curves to provide security for all manner of encrypted products.

Phlashing

Phlashing is a type of computer attack that affects the firmware of embedded system, computers and networking devices. It is designed to affect firmware and software of computing devices that have embedded firmware operating system and applications.  The attack is deemed so severe that usually replacing system or hardware is the only option to recover from it.

Functor

A functor is a type of class in C++ that acts like a function. Experts point out that a functor is created by overloading the operator and passing one argument the way that one would to a conventional function, albeit with different results.

Fabless

The idea of "fabless" manufacturing in IT involves manufacturing hardware devices in locations without specific fabrication for core technologies like semiconductors. In these situations, manufacturers will outsource the design of these smaller pieces to other companies that may have a lower cost of labor or other accommodations.

Yak Shaving

Yak shaving is a programming term that refers to a series of tasks that need to be performed before a