A Conchological Manual by George Brettingham Sowerby (early reader books .txt) 📖
- Author: George Brettingham Sowerby
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right and dorsal side of the axis, and the umbilicus becomes depressed,
and often nearly closed. The mouth is lunulate, the edge slightly
thickened and reflected, and often with a single tooth on the outer
side of the inner lip.--_Obs._ This genus of land shells is separated
from Helix on account of the eccentricity of the penultimate whorl. S.
contusa, fig. 269.
STRIATED. (_Stria_, a groove.) Marked with fine grooves or lines.
STRIGOCEPHALUS. Defr. PENTAMERUS, Sow.? GYPIDIA, Dalman.
STROMBUS. Auct. _Fam._ Alatæ, Lam. Angiostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oblong,
turrited, rather ventricose, solid; aperture generally lengthened,
terminating posteriorly in a short canal, and anteriorly in an
emargination or truncated canal; outer lip, when young, thin; when full
grown, thickened and expanded, lobed at the spiral extremity, sinuated
anteriorly near the caudal canal.--_Obs._ This well known genus
includes some species of immense size, commonly called conch shells.
Most of the recent species are brought from the Indian Ocean. Very few
fossil species are known. The young shells have very much the
appearance of cones, the outer lips being thin. There are also several
species which do not, even when full grown, thicken their outer lips
very considerably. The genus Strombus is distinguished from
Rostellaria, by the notch in the outer lip, which in the latter genus
is close to the canal. Fig. 406, S. pugilis.
STROPHOMENA. Rafinesque. ORTHIS, Dalman.
STROPHOSTOMA. Deshayes. A fossil shell, of the family of Colimacea,
Lam. in some degree resembling Anostoma, having the aperture turned
upwards towards the spire, it is, however, umbilicated, and is said to
have an operculum resembling that of Cyclostoma. It is the Ferussina of
Grateloup. Fig. 534, 5, 6.
STRUTHIOLARIA. Auct. (_Struthio_, an Ostrich.) _Fam._ Canalifera,
Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong, turrited, thick; spire turrited, composed of
several angulated whorls; aperture oval, sub-quadrate, oblique; outer
lip thickened, reflected, advancing in the centre, receding towards the
extremities; inner lip thickened, expanded over the columella and part
of the body whorl.--_Obs._ This singular genus, consisting of three or
four recent species, is named "Pied D'Autruche" by the French, on
account of some resemblance in the outer lip to the foot of the
Ostrich. From New Zealand. Fig. 391, S. straminea.
STYLIFER. Brod. (_Stylus_, a style; _fero_, to bear.)--_Descr._ Thin,
pellucid, turbinated; apex a little out of the perpendicular; aperture
wide anteriorly, gradually narrowing towards the spiral extremity,
where it terminates acutely.--_Obs._ This is a genus of small,
transparent shells, found burrowing in the rays of Starfish. There are
but two or three species at present known, one of which is elongated
like Terebra, the other nearly globular. Fig. 12, S. astericola. West
Indies, Gallapagos, and Britain.
STYLINA. Flem. STYLIFER, Brod.
SUB. (_under._) Used as a prefix and signifying nearly. Thus a
bivalve-shell, the valves of which are nearly alike, would be described
as _sub_-equivalve.
SUB-APLYSIACEA. Bl. The first family of the order Monopleurobranchiata,
Bl. containing several genera of Mollusca without shells, and the genus
Pleurobranchus.
SUB-BIVALVES. A term of distinction applied by De Blainville, to those
spiral univalves which have an operculum; these, as they constitute two
distinct pieces, he considers as forming a medium between univalves and
bivalves.
SUB-MYTILACEA. Bl. The sixth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl.
the shells belonging to which are described as free, rather pearly,
regular, equivalve; hinge dorsal, laminated; ligament external; two
muscular impressions; palleal impression not sinuated. This family,
with the exception of the last genus, agrees with the family Nayades of
Lamarck, and contains the genera Anodon, Unio, and Cardita.
SUB-OSTRACEA. Bl. The second family of Lamellibranchiata, Bl. the
shells of which are described as of a compact texture, sub-symmetrical;
with the hinge rather complex; one single, sub-central, muscular
impression, without any traces of palleal impression. This family
corresponds with the Pectenides of Lamarck, and part of the genus
Ostrea in the system of Linnæus. It contains the genera Spondylus,
Plicatula, Hinnites, Pecten, Pedum, Lima.
SUB-SPIRAL. Not sufficiently spiral to form a complete volution.
SUBULA. Bl. (_An awl._) A generic name under which M. De Blainville
includes TEREBRA maculata, Auct. f. 428, together with nearly all the
species of Terebra, enumerated by Lamarck and other authors; only
leaving in the latter genus those species, which being more bulbous, or
ventricose, nearly resemble Buccinum in general form. These last
mentioned species, such as Terebra buccinoidea, (fig. 247) have been
formed into a new genus by Mr. Gray, under the name Bullia. If both
these genera were adopted, the genus Terebra would be extinct.
SUBULATE. (_Subula_, an awl.) A term applied to shells which are long
and pointed as in Terebra. Fig. 427, 428.
SUCCINEA. Drap. (_Succinum_, amber.) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea,
Bl. _Sub-genus_, Cochlohydra, Fer.--_Descr._ Ovate, rather elongated;
aperture large, entire, longitudinal; spire short; outer lip thin,
continuous with the thin, sharp-edged columella; inner lip spread over
a part of the body-whorl.--_Obs._ The shells belonging to this genus of
partly amphibious mollusca, are distinguished from Limnæa by not having
a fold on the columella The S. amphibia is of a bright amber colour.
Fig. 265, 266. Temperate and tropical climates.
SULCATED. (SULCATUS, lat.) Having grooves or furrows.
SULCI. Grooves or furrows.
SUTURE. (_Sutura_, lat.) A seam, stitch, joining together. Applied
particularly to the line which marks the joining of the whorls of the
spire. The suture is distinguished as _simple_, as in most cases; or
_double_, when accompanied by a parallel groove close to it;
_marginated_, when produced into a ledge by the matter which fills up
and covers it; _obsolete_, when it is filled up so as not to be
visible, as in the case of Ancillaria.
SYLVICOLA. Humph. CYCLOSTOMA, Lam.
SYMMETRICAL, ([Greek: sun], _syn_, similar; [Greek: metron], _metron_,
proportion.) Both sides alike. Although the term is used thus as one of
distinction, it is to be observed that no shells are strictly and
perfectly symmetrical; even in the Nautilus, the apex verges in a
slight degree towards one side of the shell. Two kinds of univalve are
symmetrical, or nearly so; 1st. Those which are symmetrically
convolute, as the Nautilacea and the Ammonacea, which are spiral; 2nd.
Those which are not spiral, but simply conical, as the patelliform
shells. Bivalves belonging to the Brachiopoda are also symmetrical.
_Ex._ Patella, fig. 229. Ammonites, fig. 478.
SYMPHYNOTA. Lea. A genus of Nayades, in which Mr. Lea proposed to
include species of the genus UNIO, the valves of which are connate, or
united at the dorsal margin. We believe that this distinction, as a
genus, has been abandoned by its author. The fact is, that all the
Uniones are Symphynotæ when in a young state. In Unio Alatus, (fig.
147) and Dipsas plicatus, (fig. 142) it will be observed that the
valves have not separated at the dorsal edge, but are broken lower
down.
TAPADA. (Gray. Turton. p. 127.) A division of the genus HELIX,
containing HELIX aperta, Auct. or the Tapada snail.
TAPES. Schum. PULLASTRA. Sow.?
TECTUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of the genus Trochus, having
elevated, conical spires, and columella notched or truncated by a
spiral fold. Fig. 359. Trochus maculatus, presents an example.
TELEBOIS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
TELESCOPIUM. Montf. CERITHIUM Telescopium, Auct. fig. 378.
TELLINA. Linn. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._
Sub-equivalve, inequilateral, compressed, rounded anteriorly, slightly
beaked or angulated posteriorly, the posterior ventral margin having a
flexuosity; hinge with two cardinal and generally two lateral teeth in
each valve; muscular impressions, two in each valve, remote; palleal
impression with a large sinus.--_Obs._ The fold or bending in the
posterior margin distinguishes this genus from others which it nearly
resembles. It is composed of some bivalves of great beauty and variety,
which are found in nearly all climates. Fig. 105, T. radiata, 106, T.
lingua-felis.
TELLINIDES. Lam. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-equivalve,
inequilateral, transverse, compressed, rounded anteriorly, slightly
beaked or angulated posteriorly; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each
valve, and one lateral tooth in one valve, very near the cardinal
teeth. Muscular impressions two, distant, palleal impression with a
large sinus. _Obs._ This genus is distinguished from Tellina in having
but one lateral tooth near the cardinal teeth. Fig. 107, T. rosea.
Tropical.
TENUIPEDES. (_Tenuis_, slender; _pedes_, feet.) The second section of
the order Conchifera Dimyaria, divided into the families Mactracea,
Corbulacea, Lithophagidæ, Nymphacea.
TERACLITA. Schum. CONIA, Auct.
TEREBELLUM. Lam. (_Terebra_, an augur?) _Fam._ Convolutæ, Lam.
Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Smooth, slender, oblong, sub-cylindrical;
spire obtuse, short, sometimes hidden; (Seraphs, Montf.) aperture long,
narrow posteriorly, wider anteriorly; outer lip slightly thickened,
truncated, unconnected at the base with the columella; inner lip thin,
smooth, nearly straight, spread over a portion of the body-whorl,
continued in a ridge above the sutures of the spire.--_Obs._ Montfort
has separated the fossil species with hidden spires, under the name
Seraphs. (T. convolutum, Lam.) Only one recent species is known, of
which there are several varieties, one spotted, one marked in
sub-spiral lines, another in patches. It is brought from the East
Indies. Fig. 451, T. convolutum; 452, T. subulatum.
TEREBRA. (_An augur, a piercer._) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam.
Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Subulate, elongated, pointed, turrited;
spire long, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture small terminating
in a short, reflected canal; outer lip thin; columella tortuous;
operculum horny. The recent species are mostly tropical.--_Obs._ Nearly
all the species enumerated by Lamarck and other authors are included by
De Blainville in his genus Subula; those few species which that
conchologist left in the present genus, being shorter and more
ventricose than the others, approximate in shape to some of the
Buccina, and are distinguished by Mr. Gray under the generic name
Bullia. It seems strange, that De Blainville, being convinced of the
necessity of separating the two groups, and consequently applying a new
generic term to one of them, should have given that term to the larger
number and the more typical species of the Lamarckian genus. Fig. 427,
Bullia vittata. (Terebra.) Fig. 428, Terebra maculata. (Subula.)
TEREBRALIA. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "Outer lip
much dilated, generally uniting at its base to the inner lip; leaving a
round perforation at the base of the pillar; channel truncate;
operculum round: palustre. Mart. f. 1472." Sw. p. 315.
TEREBRATING SHELLS. (_Terebro_, to pierce.) Shells which reside in
holes pierced in rocks, wood, &c. by means of some corrosive secretion
of the animal. _Ex._ Pholas, Teredo, &c.
TEREBRATULA. Brug. (_Terebrans_, bored.) _Fam._ Brachiopoda,
Lam.--_Order._ Palliobranchiata, Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve,
equilateral, oval or sub-trigonal, ventricose or compressed, attached
by a tendon passing through an opening in the dorsal, or upper and
larger valve, the umbo of which advances beyond that of the other
valve; hinge destitute of a ligament, with two teeth in the dorsal
valve, locked into corresponding cavities in the ventral, or lower
valve, and with two curious processes originating at the umbo of the
lower valve, presenting, in some species, the appearance of fine
winding tape, advancing towards the front of the valve, and again
receding to the centre, where the ends unite; muscular impressions two,
placed near the centre of each valve.--_Obs._ The Terebratulæ are
included in the genus Anomia in the system of Linnæus. The recent
species are not very numerous--they are found in all climates. The
fossil species are more numerous than the recent ones, occurring in the
secondary and tertiary formations. T. Psittacea, fig. 202.
TEREDINA. (From Teredo.) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea, Bl.--_Descr._
Valves equal, inequilateral, with prominent umbones, as it were
soldered to the outside of the rounded end of a shelly tube, of which
they form a part; aperture of the tube partly divided; a flat accessary
valve placed on the umbones.--_Obs._ This genus, which is only known in
a fossil state, is distinguished from Teredo, by the valves being fixed
on the tube, and the tube being closed at one extremity. Fig. 46, 47,
personata.
TEREDO. Auct. (_A piercer._) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Adesmacea,
Bl.--_Descr._ Valves equal, inequilateral; presenting when closed, an
orbicular figure, with a large angular opening in front, and a rounded
opening at the back; placed at the anterior extremity
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