A Conchological Manual by George Brettingham Sowerby (early reader books .txt) 📖
- Author: George Brettingham Sowerby
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an anomaly which is considered by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, sen., as merely
accidental. They resemble the Ammonites in internal structure, but
instead of being spirally convolute they are merely curved like a horn.
_Ex._ fig. 477, copied from De Blainville.
AMNICOLA. The name of a genus mentioned in the family of Melaniana in
the conchological part of the Synopsis of the British Museum, but
unexplained.
AMPHIBOLA ----? The same as AMPULLARIA, Auct.
AMPHIBULIMA. Lam. SUCCINEA Patula, Auct. (fig. 266.) was first
published in the Ann. du. Mus. D'Hist. Nat. under the name Amphibulima
cucullata. The generic name was afterwards abandoned by its author, and
the species stands in his system as Succinea cucullata. West Indies.
AMPHIDESMA. Lam. (from [Greek: Amphô], _ampho_, _ambo_, [Greek:
Desmos], _desmos_, _ligamentum_). _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam.--_Descr._
Equivalve, oval or rounded, sub-equilateral, sometimes rather gaping at
the sides, with slight posterior fold; hinge with one or two cardinal
teeth in each valve, and two elongated lateral teeth, distinct in one
valve, nearly obsolete in the other; ligament short, separated from the
cartilage, which is elongated and couched obliquely in an excavation of
the hinge.--_Obs._ In most bivalve shells, the cartilage and ligament
are united in one mass, or placed close to each other; the contrary in
this case gives rise to the name, which signifies _double ligament_.
This circumstance distinguishes the genus Amphidesma from Tellina,
which in other respects it greatly resembles. From Lutraria it may be
known by its distinct lateral teeth, and also by its valves being
nearly close all round, while the Lutrariæ gape anteriorly. The species
do not appear to be numerous, no fossil species are known. A.
_Reticulatum_, fig. 85. West India Islands, Brazil, Coast of Pacific,
&c.
AMPHIPEPLEA. Nilson. The type of this proposed genus is LIMNEA
glutinosa, Auct. Gray's edition of Turton, page 243, plate 9. fig. 103.
The shell is polished and the inner lip expanded.
AMPHISTEGINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
AMPLEXUS. J. Sowerby. A. _Corralloides_, fig. 463. A singularly formed
fossil, described as nearly cylindrical, divided into chambers by
numerous transverse septa, which embrace each other with reflected
margins. It occurs in the Dublin limestone, and resembles a coral or
madrepore.
AMPLEXUS. A generic name proposed by Captain Brown for HELIX pulchella,
Drap. 112, tab. 107-134. Zurama, Leach.
AMPULLARIA. Auct. (_Ampulla_, a rounded vessel). _Fam._ "Peristomiens,"
Lam. Ellipsostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Spiral, globular, sometimes
discoidal, frequently umbilicated, covered with a rounded, horny
epidermis; spire short; whorls rapidly enlarging; aperture elliptical,
rounded anteriorly; peristome nearly or quite entire, thickened and
slightly reflected; operculum, testaceous, annular, with a subcentral
nucleus.--_Obs._ This genus of fresh-water shells of which a few fossil
species occur, is easily distinguished from other genera, by obvious
characters, particularly by a thick, horny, greenish-brown epidermis,
and the rotundity in form. One species, the A. Cornu-arietis which
forms the type of Lamarck's genus Planorbis, requires notice on account
of its flatness, but may be known by the aperture which in the
Ampullaria is longer than wide, and in Planorbis the contrary.
Lanistes, Montf. is described from a _reversed_ species of Ampullaria.
The Ampullaria is vulgarly called the Idol Shell, and is said to be
held in great veneration by the South American Savages. The animal has
a large bag, opening beneath, placed on the side of the respiratory
cavity. It is supposed that the animal has the power of filling this
bag with water, and that it is thus enabled to live a long time out of
water. They have been brought as far as from Egypt to Paris alive,
packed in saw-dust. _Ex._ fig. 318. East and West Indies, North Africa,
South America, &c.
AMPULLARINA ----? A genus formed for the reception of AMPULLARIA
avellana. Fig. 538. From Australia.
AMPULLINA ----? Part of the genus HELICINA, Auct.
ANALOGOUS. A term applied to certain species of fossil shells, which
present a certain degree of resemblance to recent species; but which
are not sufficiently similar to warrant the use of the term
'identical,' or any other implying that they are of the same species.
ANASTOMA or ANOSTOMA. Fischer. (from [Greek: Ana], _ana_, backwards;
[Greek: Stoma], _stoma_, mouth) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lamark. A genus of
land shells so named from the singular circumstance of the last whorl
taking a sudden turn and reflecting the aperture upwards, so as to
present it on the same plane with the spire; so that the animal walks
with the spire of the shell downwards resting on the foot. In other
respects, the two species of which this genus is composed, resemble
other Helices; and belong to De Ferrusac's division "Helicodonta."
_Tomogerus_ is De Montfort's name for this genus. _A. depressum_ is
represented in the plates figs. 271, 272. The nearest approach to this
genus will be found in the fossil shell named Strophostoma, by
Deshayes, which, however, has no teeth in the aperture and is provided
with an operculum like Cyclostoma. South America.
ANATIFER. Brug. ANATIFA, Lam. This name, which signifies Duckbearing,
has been given to the shells commonly called Barnacles, on account of
an absurd notion entertained among the ancients, that they inclose the
young of the Barnacle duck, in an embryo state. The beautiful bunch of
jointed arms, the ciliæ of which serve the purpose of agitating the
water, so as to draw in food by the current, were supposed to be the
feathers of the future bird. For a description of these shells, see
PENTELASMIS; and fig. 34.
ANATINA. Lam. (_That which belongs to a duck._) _Fam._ Myaria, Lam.
Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, transparent, generally equivalve,
inequilateral, transverse, marine; hinge with a spoon-shaped process in
each valve, containing the cartilage.--_Obs._ Some species included in
the genus Anatina of authors, A. striata, for instance, have not the
spoon-shaped prominence, but in its place a small, testaceous, moving
appendage, connected with the interior of the hinge. These are now
separated, and form the genus LYONSIA. The genus Næara, Gray, is
composed of Anatina longirostrum, and similar species, which have
neither the bony appendage nor the spoon-shaped prominence. Mya is
distinguished from Anatina, by the thickness of the shell, and also by
having the prominence only in the hinge of one valve. Fig. 69. A.
rostrata. The Anatinæ are found in the East Indies and South Sea
Islands.
ANATINELLA. G. B. Sowerby. (Dimunition of _Anatina_). A genus so named
from its resemblance to Anatina, from which it differs in being
destitute of the internal appendage, and having no sinus in the palleal
impression. One species having been brought from Ceylon, received the
name of Anatinella Sibbaldii. Another has lately been found in the
Philippine Islands. Fig. 70.
ANATOMUS. Montf. Tom. 2, plate 279. A microscopic shell, appearing from
the figure to resemble SCISSURELLA.
ANAULAX. Brogn. ANCILLARIA, Auct.
ANCILLA. Lam. ANCILLARIA, Auct.
ANCILLARIA. Auct. ANCILLA, Lam. (_A handmaid._) _Fam._ convolutæ, Lam.
Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Smooth, oblong, subcylindrical. Spire
short, sutures hidden by enamel. Aperture long, anteriorly emarginated
and somewhat effuse. Columella tortuous, oblique, tumid,
truncated.--_Obs._ The Ancillariæ are pretty shining shells, enveloped
almost entirely by the soft parts of the animal. They resemble Oliva,
from which they are distinguished by the suture of the spire being
filled up with shelly enamel, nearly covering the surface. The whorls
in Oliva being separated by a distinct canal. Ancillaria may be known
from Terebellum by the tumid varix at the base of the columella. The
well known Ivory shell, Eburna glabrata, _Lam._ belongs to this genus,
of which a few fossil species are found in the London clay, Calcaire
grossièr and green sand, Turin. The recent species are found in the
Islands of the Indian Ocean and Australian Seas. A. glabrata is
represented in the plates fig. 455; A. cinnamonea, fig. 456.
ANCULOSA. Say. _Fam._ Melaniana, Lam. Ellipsostomata, Bl. A genus
proposed to include some fresh-water shells resembling those of the
genus Melania, the difference between them being that the spire of
Anculosa is more depressed, and the anterior of the outer lip more
angulated than in Melania. On an examination of the different species,
however, it will be found that this is quite unsatisfactory, as a
generic distinction; because some of the species with short flattened
spires, have rounded, and others angulated apertures. North America. An
example of each is represented, fig. 314.
ANCYLUS. Geoffroy. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam. Otides, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin,
obliquely conical, patelliform; apex acute, turned sidewise and
backwards; aperture oval; margin simple.--_Obs._ Although the little
fresh-water shells described under this name, resemble those of the
genus Patella, the animals which produce them are nearly allied to the
Lymneanæ. And, it may also be observed, that the shells themselves
differ from Patella in not being quite symmetrical, having the apex
turned on one side. A. fluviatilis, fig. 246. Found in Great Britain,
and in Southern and Central Europe, West Indies, &c.
ANDROMEDES. Montf. VORTICIALIS, Lam. _Fam._ Nautilacea, Lam. A genus of
microscopic Foraminifera.
ANGULATED. (Angulatus.) Having an angle, or corner, as the anterior of
the aperture of Eulima, fig. 348; the posterior side of Castalia, fig.
140; the whorls of Carocolla, fig. 277.
ANGULITES. Montf. A genus composed of species of fossil NAUTILI,
described by De Blainville as not umbilicated, with a dorsal keel and
angular aperture. NAUTILUS triangularis Buffon.
ANGIOSTOMATA. Bl. The third family of Siphonobranchiata, Bl. described
as differing little from the family of Entomostomata, but having long,
narrow, straight apertures, and the columellar lips straight or nearly
Were it not for the admission of the genus Strombus into thisfamily, it would correspond with COLUMELLARIA and CONVOLUTÆ of Lamarck.
ANNELIDES. The ninth class of invertebrated animals, divided into three
orders, namely, A. Apodes, A. Antennés, and A. Sedentaires. The last
only contains families of testaceous Mollusca. The animals are
vermicular, some naked, others inhabiting shelly tubes. See SEDENTARY
ANNELIDES.
ANNULAR OPERCULUM is one which has the nucleus central, or nearly so,
the other layers surrounding it in flattened rings. The term concentric
is also applied. See Introduction.
ANNULATED. (Annus, a ring.) Composed of, or surrounded by rings, as in
the case of Tubicinella, fig. 14.
ANODON. Brug. _Fam._ Submytilacea, Bl. Nayades, Lam. A genus composed
of such species of NAYADES as are destitute of teeth on the hinge.
Europe, North America, &c. An example is given in A. Cataractus, fig.
152.
ANOMALINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
ANOMIA. _Fam._ Ostracea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Irregular, inequivalve,
sub-equilateral, foliaceous, pearly within; adhering to marine
substances by means of a bony appendage, which passes through a large
circular opening in the lower valve; muscular impression divided into
three irregular portions; hinge destitute of teeth with a short
cartilage.--_Obs._ The Linnæan genus included not only the shells to
which the description above given would apply, but also many other
genera, such as Crania, Orbicula, Terebratula, &c. which belong to the
Brachiopoda, and are perfectly distinct. The Anomiæ are found in
Europe, N. America, Moluccas, Philippine Islands, &c. Fig. 186, in the
plates, is a somewhat reduced representation of a full grown specimen
of A. Ephippium. Fig. 187, the hinge of the under valve, with the bony
process. Fig. 188, the hinge showing the opening through which it
passes.
ANOSTOMA. See ANASTOMA.
ANSATES. Klein. A genus formed of those species of Patella which have a
produced, recurved beak. Helcion, Montf. _Ex._ Patella pellucida, fig.
230.
ANSULUS or ANSYLUS. Mr. Gray conjectures that the name of the genus
Ancylus, should be so written.
ANTENOR. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
ANTERIOR. In Bivalves is the side on which the head, or part analogous
to the head of the animal lies; it is known in the shell by the
umbones, which if turned at all, are turned towards that part. If there
be a sinus in the impression of the mantle, it is always on the
posterior part of the shell. If the ligament be placed only on one side
of the umbones, it is only on the posterior side. The anterior of a
_spiral univalve_ is that part of the outer lip which is at the
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