A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) by Calvin Cutter (lightweight ebook reader txt) đź“–
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THE CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVES.
1, The cerebrum. 2, The cerebellum. 3, 3, The spinal cord. 4, The brachial plexus of nerves. 5, The lumbar plexus of nerves. 6, The sacral plexus of nerves. 7, The facial nerve. 8, 17, The radial nerve. 9, 9, 16, The ulnar nerve. 10, The median nerve. G, The circumvex nerve of the shoulder.
11, 11, The great sciatic nerve. 12, The external popliteal, or peroneal 474 nerve. 13, 13, The posterior tibial nerve. 14, The external tibial nerve. 15, The muscular branch of the external peroneal nerve. 18, The muscular branch of the sciatic nerve. P, Q, The posterior tibial nerve.
The letters and other figures indicate minor nervous filaments distributed to the various muscles and the skin.
PLATE IX.THE SKIN.
Fig. 1. A perspiratory Tube and Gland. 1, 1, The contorted portion of the tube that forms the gland. 2, 2, Two branches which unite to form the main duct of the gland. 3, 3, The perspiratory tube. 4, The cuticle. 5. Its colored portion. 6, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 7, 7, Fat vesicles, in which the gland is imbedded.
Fig. 2. A Papilla of the Skin. 1, 1, Two papillæ, formed of an artery vein, and nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2, Nerves forming a loop in the papillæ. 3, 3, Arteries of the papillæ. 4, 4, Veins of the papillæ. 5, 5, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves. 6, 6, Nerves of the skin. 8, 8, Arteries of the skin. 7, 7, Veins of the skin.
Fig. 3. A Hair, and its Oil-Glands. 1, 1, The hair. 2, 2, The sheath of the hair. 3, Oil-glands that surround the bulb of the hair, the ducts of which open into the sheath of the hair, (2, 2.)
Fig. 4. A Section of the Skin. 1, 1, The cuticle. 2, 2, Its colored portion. 3, 3, The papillary layer. 4, 4, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves, upon the upper surface of the cutis vera. 5, 5, 5, 5, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 6, 6, 6, Hairs that originate in the cutis vera. 7, 7, 7, Oil-glands, the ducts of which connect with the sheath of the hair. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Perspiratory glands and their ducts. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Nerves of the skin 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Arteries of the skin. 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, Veins of the skin. 12, 12, 12, 12, Papillæ, or ridges of the skin.
PLATE X.AN ANTERO-POSTERIOR SECTION OF THE EYE.
Fig. 1. 1, 1, The sclerotic coat. 2, 2, The cornea. 3, 3, The choroid coat. 4, 4, The retina. 5, 5, The iris. 6, 6, The posterior chamber of the eye that contains the aqueous humor. 7, 7, The anterior chamber. 8, 8, The pupil. 9, The crystalline humor. 10, 10, The vitreous humor 11, The optic nerve. 12, A representation of a pen. 13, An inverted image of the pen (12) on the retina. 14, 14, A canal surrounding the crystalline humor. 15, 15, The bevelled junction of the cornea and sclerotic 475 coats. A, a perpendicular ray of light from the pen. B, B, oblique rays, that are refracted in passing through the humors of the eye.
Fig. 2. A View of the External, Middle, and Internal Ear. 1, 1, The external ear. 2, The meatus auditorius externus, (the tube that connects with the middle ear.) 3. The membrana tympani, (drum of the ear.) 8, 8, The tympanum, (middle ear.) 4, The malleus. 5, The incus. 6, The orbicularis. 7, The stapes, (stirrup-bone,) that connects with the vestibule of the internal ear. 9, 9, (4, 5, 6, 7, The small bones of the middle ear,) 10, 11, 12, The semicircular canals. 13, 13, The cochlea. 14, The auditory nerve. 15, The division of the auditory nerve to the semicircular canals. 16, The division to the cochlea. 17, 17, The Eustachian tube. 18, The chorda tympani nerve. 19, The seventh pair (facial) nerve. 20, The styloid process of the temporal bone. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, The petrous or hard portion of the temporal bone, in which the parts of the middle and internal ear are situated.
477Below is given the Title of a Book on a new plan, just published, intended for beginners in the study of Physiology.
HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE
BY
MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER.
WITH ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.
NEW YORK:
CLARK, AUSTIN, AND SMITH
3 Park Row
TEXT BOOKS
UPON
Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene.
Recommended by the Hon. N. W. EDWARDS, School Sup’t, Ill.
HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. For District Schools. With 100 Engravings. 132 pages. By Mrs. Eunice P. Cutter. Price 33 cts.
This work contains full directions for the study and teaching of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. This is a new feature. Every teacher would profit by it. The plan of the work can be gathered from the following fac-simile of the table of contents:—
Footnotes
Where examples and observations are given or experiments suggested, let the pupil mention other analogous ones.
The Cellular, Serous, Dermoid, Fibrous, and Mucous tissues are very generally called membranes.
Some anatomists reckon more than this number, others less, for the reason that, at different periods of life, the number of pieces of which one bone is formed, varies. Example. The breast-bone, in infancy, has eight pieces; in youth, three; in old age, but one.
Compare 1, 1, Fig. 28, with 2, 2, 2, Fig. 48.
In the plates illustrating the muscular system, the names of such muscles are given as are referred to in the paragraph “Practical Explanation.” These names need not be committed to memory. If a pupil wishes to acquire a knowledge of the general attachment of the muscles represented in the plates, he can do so by comparing the muscular plate with that of the skeleton, (fig. 28.)
It appears to be a fact, that no two important organs can be called into intense action at the same time, without injury to both, as well as to the general system. This arises from the circumstance that an organ, when in functional action, attracts fluids (sanguineous and nervous) from other organs of the system. Except in a few instances of high health in youth, the power of the system is not adequate to supply more than one organ in action with the appropriate fluids at the same time.
See Chapter XII.
The process of deglutition may be comprehended by analyzing the operation of swallowing food or saliva.
The chyle is changed by the lacteals and mesenteric glands, but the nature of this change is not, as yet, well defined or understood.
The time required for the digestion of the different articles of food might vary in other persons; and would probably vary in the same individual at different periods, as the employment, health, season, &c., exert a modifying influence.
The system is gradually developed, and all changes of food, apparel, labor, exercise, or position, should be gradual. Even a change from a bad to a good habit, on this principle, should be gradual.
The urinary organs, as well as the intestinal canal, should be frequently and regularly evacuated. Some most distressing and frequently incurable complaints are caused by false customs and false delicacy in this particular. Teachers should be particularly careful, and regard this suggestion in reference to young pupils.
All vessels that carry blood to the heart, are called veins. All vessels that carry blood from the heart, are called arteries.
Transpiration is a term often used generically, to signify the passage of fluids or gases through membranes, internally or externally; but perspiration is a specific term, signifying transpiration on to the external surface.
As a substitute for a jar with a stop-cock, take a piece of lead pipe bent in the form of a siphon, and insert it in the mouth of a reversed jar. This experiment is as conclusive whether the air is inhaled once only or breathed many times.
Mr. Frederick Emerson, of Boston, has devised a simple and effective apparatus for removing vitiated air from a room. It is successfully used upon all the public school-houses of Boston. It is now being generally applied to the school-houses and other public buildings, as well as private dwellings, of New England.
Dr. Wyman’s valuable work on “Ventilation,” and the work of Henry Barnard, Esq., on “School-house architecture,” can be advantageously consulted, as they give the practical methods of ventilating and warming shops, school-rooms, dwelling-houses, public halls, &c.
The brain, lungs, heart, and digestive organs, are called vital organs.
The structure of this nerve is very complicated, and different physiologists ascribe to it various functions. The character of its diseases are not well understood.
Dr. Elliotson, and some other writers On physiology, have detailed cases of death from voluntary suspension of respiration. But these cases are not conclusive, as examinations were not made, so as to determine positively, that death did not result from disease of the heart, brain, or some other vital organ.
Some physiologists impute the sense of taste to the ninth pair of nerves; others, to the twelfth pair; while others, again, contend that taste is the result of a concurrent action of the fifth, ninth, and twelfth pairs of nerves.
The refracting character of differently-formed lenses is illustrated in the works on Natural Philosophy, to which the pupil is referred.
It is advised, that a thorough review of the hygiene of the preceding chapters be given from the suggestions contained in this.
Directions for making the simple preparations for the sick are found in almost every cook-book.
Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.
Author’s archaic and variable spelling is mostly preserved.
Author’s punctuation style is mostly preserved.
This transcription is faithful to the original transliterations of Greek (which occur in italics), even when they seem incorrect.
Transcriber changes:Title page: Was ’DESIGNER’ (DESIGNED FOR)
Title page: Was ’Massachuetts’ (In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.)
Title page: Added ’.’ (No. 15 Vandewater Street, N. Y.)
Page 18: Added ’,’ (Example. The digestive apparatus consists of the teeth, stomach, liver, &c., all of which aid in the digestion of food.)
Page 23, Fig. 5: Added ’.’ (Fig. 5. A section of the femur, (thigh-bone.) 1, 1, The extremities, showing a thin plate of compact texture)
Page 24: Was ’serious’ (40. How does the mucous differ from the serous tissue? What is the appearance of the external surface of this membrane?)
Page 27: Added comma (The most important compounds are Al-bu´men, Fi´brin, Gel´a-tin)
Page 27: Was ’organ ized (57. What are proximate elements? Do they exist
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