Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig (ereader iphone .TXT) 📖
- Author: Lawrence Lessig
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Frost, Robert, 214, 216-17, 220
Future of Ideas, The (Lessig), 148, 150, 189,
292
Garlick, Mia, 284
Gates, Bill, 128, 266
General Film Company, 54 General Public License (GPL), 265, 280 generic drugs, 266
German copyright law, 327n Gershwin, George, 233, 234
Gil, Gilberto, 270
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 234, 235, 242 Girl Scouts, 18
Global Positioning System, 263
GNU/Linux operating system, 65, 232,
264, 280
Godwin, Mike, 40
Goldstein, Paul, 295
Google, 48-49, 50
GPL (General Public License), 265, 280 Gracie Films, 96
Grimm fairy tales, 23, 28, 213-14 Grisham, John, 57, 294-95
Groening, Matt, 96, 97, 98
Grokster, Ltd., 323n
guns, 159-60, 219
hacks, 154
Hal Roach Studios, 223, 232 Hand, Learned, 312n handguns, 159-60
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 213, 214 Henry V, 85
Henry VIII, King of England, 88 Herrera, Rebecca, 96, 97 Heston, Charlton, 60
history, records of, 109
HIV/AIDS therapies, 257-61 Hollings, Fritz, 324n
Hollywood film industry, 53-55 see also film industry
Horovitz, Jed, 187-88
House of Lords, 92-93, 94 Hummer, John, 191
Hummer Winblad, 191
Hyde, Rosel, 60
IBM, 264, 279 "if value, then right" theory, 18-19, 53 images, ownership of, 34, 186 innovation, 67, 313n
copyright profit balanced with, 75, 77-79 industry establishment opposed to, 75-76,
188-99 media conglomeration as disincentive for, 164-66
see also creativity Innovator's Dilemma, The (Christensen),
166, 321n insecticide, environmental consequences of,
129-30
Intel, 194, 232 intellectual property rights, 11-12 components of, 309n
of drug patents, 260-61, 328n international organization on issues of,
262-64, 265-67, 328n
U.S. Patent Office on private control of,
266-69 international law, 63-64, 258-59, 313n Internet:
blogs on, 41, 42-45, 310n-11n books on, 72-73, 143-44, 148-53,
284-85 copyright applicability altered by technology of, 141-44 copyright enforced through, 149-57,
161 copyright regulatory balance lost with,
125-26 creative Web sites on, 185 cultural process transformed by, 7-8 development of, 7, 262, 276-77 domain name registration on, 289 efficient content distribution on, 17-18,
193-94 encryption systems designed for, 155-56 initial free character of, 276-77
music files downloaded from, 67, 180-82,
199, 313n, 323n, 324n news events on, 40-41, 43 peer-generated rankings on, 43 peer-to-peer file sharing on, see peer-to- peer (p2p) file sharing pornography on, 325n
privacy protection on, 278-79
public discourse conducted on, 41-45 radio on, 194-99, 324n
search engines used on, 48-50
speed of access to, 297-98
user identities released by service providers of, 186, 205-6, 322n Internet Archive, 108-10, 112, 114, 222, 232 Internet Explorer, 65
interstate commerce, 219, 236, 326n
Iraq war, 44, 310n, 317n
ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by, 186, 205-6, 322n Iwerks, Ub, 22
Japanese comics, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n Jaszi, Peter, 216, 245
Jefferson, Thomas, 84, 120, 284
Johnson, Lyndon, 116 Johnson, Samuel, 93
Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue ( Jones Day),
229-30, 232, 237
Jonson, Ben, 316n
Jordan, Jesse, 48, 49-52, 185, 200, 206 journalism, 44
jury system, 42
Just Think!, 35-36, 41, 45-46
Kahle, Brewster, 47, 110-15, 222, 226-27,
317n
Kaplan, Benjamin, 294 Kazaa, 67, 71, 179, 180 Keaton, Buster, 22, 23, 28 Kelly, Kevin, 255
Kennedy, Anthony, 234, 239, 244, 248 Kennedy, John F., 116, 195 Kittredge, Alfred, 56
knowledge, freedom of, 89
Kodak cameras, 32-33, 34, 127, 184 Kodak Primer, The (Eastman), 32 Kozinski, Alex, 76
Krim, Jonathan, 265
labor, 308n, 318n land ownership, air traffic and, 1-3, 294 Laurel and Hardy films, 223
law:
citizen respect for, 199-207 common vs. positive, 86, 90
as constraint modality, 121-22, 123-24,
125, 317n on copyrights, see copyright law databases of case reports in, 65,
280-81 federal vs. state, 133 law schools, 201 lawyers:
copyright cultural balance impeded by,
292, 304-6 malpractice suits against, 190-91 Leaphart, Walter, 285
Lear, Norman, 164, 165
legal realist movement, 322
legal system, attorney costs in, 51-52, 185,
186-87, 304-6 Lessig, Lawrence, xiii, xiv, 121, 148, 150,
189, 292, 318n
Eldred case involvement of, 215, 216,
218, 228-48 in international debate on intellectual property, 263-64, 267-68, 328n Lessing, Lawrence, 5-6
Lexis and Westlaw, 280-81
libraries:
archival function of, 109, 111, 113, 114,
173, 227 journals in, 280, 281 privacy rights in use of, 278 of public-domain literature, 213-14 Library of Congress, 110, 111, 198 Licensing Act (1662), 86
Liebowitz, Stan, 313n, 330n
Linux operating system, 65, 232, 264, 280 Litman, Jessica, 194
Lofgren, Zoe, 253
Lott, Trent, 43
Lovett, Lyle, 179, 189
Lucas, George, 98
Lucky Dog, The, 223
McCain, John, 162
Madonna, 59, 121 manga, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n Mansfield, William Murray, Lord, 17, 91 Marijuana Policy Project, 321n
market competition, 128, 147
market constraints, 122, 123, 125, 188, 192,
318n
Marx Brothers, 147-48, 152 media:
blog pressure on, 43 commercial imperatives of, 43, 44 ownership concentration in, xiv-xv, 4-6,
44, 162-68, 269-70 media literacy, 35-40
Mehra, Salil, 27, 309n Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v.
Grokster, Ltd., 323n
MGM, 116
Michigan Technical University, 51 Mickey Mouse, 21-22, 139, 220, 221, 231 Microsoft, 100
competitive strategies of, 65
on free software, 264, 265, 328n government case against, 155 international software piracy of, 65 network file system of, 49 Windows operating system of, 65 WIPO meeting opposed by, 265 Middlemarch (Eliot), 148-50, 151 Mill, John Stuart, 318n
Millar v. Taylor, 91, 92
Milton, John, 89, 93, 316n monopoly, copyright as, 88-94 Monroe, Marilyn, 195
Morrison, Alan, 232
Motion Picture Association of America
(MPAA), 116-17, 119, 218, 253-54, 256
Motion Pictures Patents Company
(MPPC), 53-54, 63
Movie Archive, 112
Moyers, Bill, 165
MP3.com, 189-90
MP3 players, 191
MP3s, 125
see also peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, 158
MTV, 69-70
Müller, Paul Hermann, 129
Murdoch, Rupert, 163
music publishing, 17, 55-56
music recordings:
total number of, 114
see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing; recording industry
MusicStore, 302
Myers, Mike, 106-7
my.mp3.com, 189-90
Napster, 34, 60, 105 infringing material blocked by, 73-74 number of registrations on, 67 range of content on, 68
recording industry tracking of users of,
206 replacement of, 67 venture capital for, 191 Nashville Songwriters Association, 221 National Writers Union, 232
NBC, 321n
Needleman, Rafe, 191
Nesson, Charlie, 201
NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998),
215
Netanel, Neil Weinstock, 10, 329n Netscape, 65
New Hampshire (Frost), 214 News Corp., 163
news coverage, 40-41, 43, 44, 110-12 newspapers:
archives of, 109, 110
ownership consolidation of, 163 Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign, 167,
321n
Nimmer, David, 105
Nimmer, Melville, 304 1984 (Orwell), 108-9 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 76, 105,
323n
Nixon, Richard, 293
No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998),
215 norms, regulatory influence of, 122, 123,
125
O'Connor, Sandra Day, 234, 238 Olafson, Steve, 310n-11n Olson, Theodore B., 240
open-source software, see free software/ open-source software
Oppenheimer, Matt, 51
originalism, 243
Orwell, George, 108-9
parallel importation, 258
Paramount Pictures, 116 Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 265-69 patents:
duration of, 54-55, 242, 292
on film technology, 53-55
on pharmaceuticals, 258-61, 266, 328n in public domain, 135, 214
Patterson, Raymond, 90
peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing:
benefits of, 71-73, 79
of books, 72-73
efficiency of, 17-18
felony punishments for, 180, 215, 322n
peer-to-peer file sharing (cont.) four types of, 68-69, 296-97 infringement protections in, 73-74,
181-82 participation levels of, 67, 313n piracy vs., 66-79
reform proposals of copyright restraints on, 296-304
regulatory balance lost in, 125, 206-7 shoplifting vs., 179-80
total legalization of, 180
zero-tolerance of, 180-82
Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act,
324n permission culture: free culture vs., xiv, 8, 173 transaction burdens of, 192-93 permissions:
coded controls vs., 149-53 photography exempted from, 33-35 for use of film clips, 100-107
see also copyright
pharmaceutical patents, 258-61, 328n phonograph, 55
photocopying machines, 171 photography, 31-35
Picker, Randal C., 324n
piracy:
in Asia, 63, 64, 65, 302 commercial, 62-66, 313n derivative work vs., 22-24, 25-29,
138-39, 141 in development of content industry,
53-61, 312n of intangible property, 64, 71, 179-80 international, 63-64
profit reduction as criterion of, 66-71, 73 p2p file sharing vs., 66-79
uncritical rejection of, 183-84
player pianos, 55, 56, 75
PLoS (Public Library of Science), 262,
281-82
Pogue, David, xiii political discourse, 41, 42-45 Politics (Aristotle), 150 Porgy and Bess, 233 pornography, 233, 325n positive law, 86, 90 power, concentration of, xv, 12
Prelinger, Rick, 112
Princeton University, 51 privacy rights, 205, 277-79 Progress Clause, 130-31, 215, 218, 232,
236, 243-44 prohibition, citizen rebellion against,
199-207
Promises to Keep (Fisher), 301 property rights:
air traffic vs., 1-3, 294
as balance of public good vs. private interests, 172-73, 322n copyright vs., 83-84, 172-73 feudal system of, 267
formalities associated with, 287-88 intangibility of, 84, 315n
Takings Clause on, 119
see also copyright; creative property; intellectual property rights proprietary code, 279-80 protectionism, of artists vs. business interests, 9
p2p file sharing, see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing
Public Citizen, 232
public domain:
access fees for material in, 281 balance of U.S. content in, 133, 170-72,
318n-19n content industry opposition to, 253-56 defined, 24
e-book restrictions on, 148-50, 152-53 English legal establishment of, 93 films in, 223-25, 254
future patents vs. future copyrights in,
134-35, 214 legal murkiness on, 185-86 library of works derived from, 213-14 license system for rebuilding of, 281-86 protection of, 220-21
p2p sharing of work in, 73
public projects in, 262-63
traditional term for conversion to,
24-25
Public Enemy, 285
Public Library of Science (PloS), 262,
281-82
Quayle, Dan, 110
radio:
FM spectrum of, 3-6, 128, 196, 256 on Internet, 194-99
music recordings played on, 58-59, 74,
195, 312n ownership consolidation in, 162-63 railroad industry, 127
rap music, 107
RCA, 4-5, 6, 7, 128, 184, 256, 275 Reagan, Ronald, 233, 237, 263
Real Networks, 302
recording industry:
artist remuneration in, 52, 58-59, 74,
195, 196-97, 199, 301, 329n-30n CD sales levels in, 70-71, 314n composers' rights vs. producers' rights in,
56-58, 74 copyright infringement lawsuits of,
50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n, 323n
copyright protections in, 55-58, 74, 181,
195, 291 international piracy in, 63 Internet radio hampered by, 196-99,
324n new recording technology opposed by,
69-70, 314n out-of-print music of, 68, 71-72, 314n ownership concentration in, 162 piracy in, 55-58
radio broadcast and, 58-59, 74, 196, 312n statutory license system in, 56-58 Recording Industry Association of America
(RIAA): on CD sales decline, 70, 71 on circumvention technology, 158, 160 copyright infringement lawsuits filed by,
50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n on encryption system critique, 156-57 on Internet radio fees, 197, 198-99 intimidation tactics of, 51-52, 200, 206 ISP user identities sought by, 205-6, 322 n lobbying power of, 52, 197, 218 Recording Industry Association of America
(RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 323n Recording Industry Association of America v. Verizon Internet Services, 322n regulation:
as establishment protectionism, 126-28,
188-99 four modalities of, 121-26, 317n, 318n outsize penalties of, 190, 192
rule of law degraded by excess of,
199-207
Rehnquist, William H., 219, 234, 239-40 remote channel changers, 127 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 48 computer network search engine of,
49-51
Republican Party, 104, 249
"Rhapsody in Blue" (Gershwin), 221 RIAA, see Recording Industry Association of America
"Rip, Mix, Burn" technologies, 203
Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida), 20,
308n
Roberts, Michael, 189 robotic dog, 153-55, 156, 157, 160 Rogers, Fred, 158, 320n
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 85-86, 87,
316n
Rose, Mark, 91
RPI, see Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute
Rubenfeld, Jed, 319n
Russel, Phil, 55
Saferstein, Harvey, 104-5
Safire, William, xiv-xv, 269 San Francisco Muni,
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