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G L O S S A R Y

erythrocyte

Human red blood cell.

gametocyte

Male and female sexual cells of malaria parasites,

formed by some merozoites inside erythrocytes, generally after several cycles of merozoite multiplication in the case of P. falciparum.

hypnozoite

A stage of the parasite’s life cycle formed from some

sporozoites inside the human liver. Hypnozoites remain dormant for a predetermined period of time after which they give rise to relapses.

Only found in P. vivax, not in P. falciparum or P. malariae.

merozoite

Asexual stage of malaria parasite which invades erythrocytes.

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

An enzymatic method for

amplifying very small quantities of DNA.

recrudescence

An exacerbation of low-level erythrocytic infections

of P. falciparum or P. malariae.

relapse

Production of clinical symptoms of P. vivax malaria by the activation of dormant hypnozoites in the liver.

schizogonic periodicity

The species-specific length of the erythrocytic cycle (multiplication of merozoites).

schizogony

The asexual phase of multiplication of malaria parasites in the human (or other vertebrate) host.

sporogony

The sexual phase of malaria reproduction in the mosquito.

sporozoite

A parasite stage which migrates from the stomach to the salivary glands of the mosquito, from where it can infect a person bitten by the mosquito. Once inside the human blood stream, sporozoites enter liver cells, where they either differentiate into pre-erythrocytic schizonts and then into merozoites ready to invade erythrocytes (always in P. malariae and P. falciparum), or sometimes into hypnozoites (in P. vivax).

zygote

The product of fusion of male and female gametocytes. It gives rise to oökinetes, oocysts, and then to sporozoites. All this occurs inside the stomach of the mosquito.

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I N D E X

abracadabra 54

Anopheles messeae 44, 85, 174, 239

Abruzzo 255

Anopheles pharoensis 30, 44

Achilles 21

Anopheles plumbeus 44, 153

Acquarossa 150

Anopheles sacharovi 28, 35, 43–4, 74, 84,

Aedes aegypti 10, 44

89, 96, 98, 108, 174

Aedes albopictus 44, 89

Anopheles subalpinus 44, 90

Aetios of Amida 221

Anopheles superpictus 44, 90

Africa 2, 25, 27–31, 35–6, 39, 44, 83,

Anopheles typicus 239

86, 108, 117–18, 125, 130, 139, 144,

anophelism without malaria 43, 72,

156, 162, 164, 200, 202, 252, 283

98, 100, 251, 260–1

Akragas (Agrigento) 38, 73

Antyllus 57, 61

Alaric 225, 276

Anxur (Terracina) 183

Alban Hills 78, 189, 243–4, 259

Anzio (Antium) 178, 188, 235

Albano, Lago di 77

Appia, Via 173, 181–2, 187–8, 190–1

Alcuin 130, 149, 157, 224, 262

Appian 188, 196, 241

Aldhelm, St. 232

Appius Claudius Caecus, censor 181

Alexander VI, pope 122

Apulia 105, 115, 214, 262–8

Alexander the Great 11

aqueducts 205

Alexander Jannaeus 133

Aquileia 79, 278

Alexander of Tralles 130

Arabia 29

alluviation 81, 85, 105–7, 111, 264

Archigenes 221

Altinum 79

Ardea 188, 236, 239, 249

altitude 57, 60, 72, 101, 107, 161, 189,

Argolid 32

244, 246, 248, 280

Argyrippa 265

Altopáscio 260

Aristotle 200

Amazena, river 182

Arpi 264

Amerindians 34, 252

Artemisia species 48

anaemia 15, 31, 126, 129, 141

Asclepiades of Bithynia 14, 117, 137,

ancient DNA 31–3, 68, 145, 232

140, 189–90, 209, 219–20, 222

Andersen, Hans Christian 174–6

Astura 257

Anguillara family 234

Atabulus, wind, 74

Anopheles atroparvus 33, 44, 68, 79, 84,

Athenaios 61, 282

89–90, 96, 153

Athens 167, 252

Anopheles claviger 43–4, 90

Atina 177

Anopheles elutus (= sacharovi) 28

Atria 85

Anopheles gambiae 29–30, 44, 126

Atticus, T. Pomponius 131–2, 135, 267

Anopheles labranchiae 28, 33, 35–6, 44,

Attila 225

63, 68, 74, 84, 89–90, 95–6, 98,

Atto 231

174, 193, 200, 239, 270

Augustine, St. 52, 86, 224

Anopheles maculipennis 43–4, 84, 89–90,

Augustus, emperor 79, 110, 185, 188,

96

196, 247, 249, 256

332

Index

Aventine, hill 209

Campus Martius 209, 215

canals 69, 74–5, 174

Baccelli, Guido 9, 74, 128, 139, 206,

cancer 150

214, 220

Canusium 265

Baccano 246

Capua 181, 250

Barbatus, St. 262

Caracalla, emperor 52

barley 150, 255

Caracupa (Valvisciolo) 107

Bassano, Lago di 172

Carthage 39, 90, 178, 197, 200, 253

bedbugs 134

Casalguidi 60

Bede 158

Cascina 136

beech tree 106, 176

Casentino 162

Bekaa Valley 32

Cassino, Monte 112

Belisarius 86, 182

Cassiodorus, M. Aurelius 190

Beneventum 262–3

Cassius Dio 109–10, 156

Benivieni, Antonio 12

Castel Fusano 197, 269–70

Berti, Tito 169–70

catalepsy 220

Bibbona 73, 255

Cato the Elder 15, 17, 55, 192, 219,

Bignami, Amico 21, 130, 139, 220

244–5

Biondi, Ernesto 234

Celli, Angelo 3–4, 14, 19, 48–9, 55, 57,

birds 7, 24, 29, 50

64, 72, 78, 87–8, 147, 198, 208,

birthweight, low 126

213, 226, 229, 240–1, 248,

blackwater fever 18

256–60

blood 7, 11–12, 15–16, 25, 28–9, 36–7,

Celsus, A. Cornelius 12, 14–20, 121,

98, 125, 127–30, 141–3, 147, 154–5,

124, 132, 228, 276

169, 218–19, 276

Celsus, Iuventius 79

Bolsena, Lago di 69

Cethegus, M. Cornelius 75, 185–7

bonifications 75, 81, 88, 112, 168, 200,

Ceylon 121

234, 280

childhood 36, 82–3, 98, 124, 126, 129,

Bracciano, Lago di 69, 246

166, 199, 223–4

Britain 101, 151, 156–7, 160

China 29, 48–9, 55

bronchitis 136

Chiusi 69, 100

breastfeeding 124

chloroquine 200

brucellosis 10

cholera 128

Brundisium (Brindisi) 182, 266–7

Chrysippus 245

Bruttium 109

Cicero, M. Tullius 50, 53, 55, 76, 131,

Burundi 118

189, 201, 214, 219, 236, 245, 257,

266–7

Caelian, hill 206

Ciminian Forest 104–5

Caere 200

cinchona 48, 153, 202, 220

Caesar, Julius 4, 71, 188, 226, 266

Ciociaria 60

Calabria 74, 116, 161

Circeii 69–70, 106–8, 177–8, 189, 249,

Caligula, emperor 113

253

Calore, river 262

Circeo, Monte 106–7, 169, 171, 184–5

Cambridgeshire 176

circumsporozoite protein 25

Camarina 38

Circus Maximus 281

Camillus, M. Furius 201

Cisterna 69, 177, 234

Campania 44, 69, 85, 181, 250, 264,

Città di Castello 197

278

Claudius, emperor 71–2

Index

333

climate 19, 28–9, 33, 36, 72, 101–3,

Dionysius of Halicarnassus 40, 109,

106, 132, 138, 146, 151, 165, 192,

250

195, 237, 249, 270

diseases, see individual entries

Colin, Léon, 209, 212–13

Domitian, emperor 171, 257

Collesalvetti 43

Domitius Apollinaris 197

Collevecchio 119–20

domuscultae 260

Collodi, Perinto 73

Donatus, Alexander 209, 226, 259

colmatage 183

Doni, Giovanni, 64, 75, 81, 83, 96, 107,

Colosseum 213

156, 174, 177, 191–2, 204, 208–9,

Columella, L. I. Moderatus 61, 245

212, 262, 278

Coluzzi, Mario 30, 49, 68, 88, 94, 200

dragonfly 69

Constantine, emperor 231

dragons 231–4

contagion 49–50, 152–3, 245

drainage 70–7, 94, 100, 109, 112–13,

Corciano 261

181, 185–8, 206, 208, 261

Corcyra (Corfu) 97–8

dropsy 135–7, 258

Cori 186

Dryopithecus apes 27

Corioli 180

Duffy locus 25, 28

Cornaro, Marco 7

dysentery 71, 121, 124, 127–8

Corneto (Tarquinia) 63

Corsica 44, 106

Corbellini, Gilberto 7, 84

Eboli 242

Cosa (Ansedonia) 69, 198, 250–1

economy 61, 179, 181, 238, 244–6,

Croton 155, 161

251–3

Crotonese 64, 161

eggs:

Culex mosquitoes 29, 68–9, 81, 235

chicken 134, 142

Culex (poem) 238

locust 183

Cumae 85

mosquito 43, 87

cuniculi 76–8, 179, 181, 214

Egypt 30–4, 53, 85, 91–2, 282

einkorn ( Triticum monococcum) 150

Dante Alighieri 100, 133, 198

elephants 236

DDT 47, 94, 96, 112

embankments 94–5

Dead Sea 32

emmer ( Triticum