The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith (best novels to read for beginners txt) 📖

figures 96,000 and 13,500 are given in the continuation of Anderson’s Commerce, AD 1775, ed. of 1801, vol. iv, p. 187. ↩

The error that agriculture produces substances and manufacture only alters them is doubtless at the bottom of much of the support gained by the theory of productive and unproductive labour. ↩

This passage, from the beginning of the paragraph, may well have been suggested by Cantillon, Essai, pp. 11⁠–⁠22. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “their.” ↩

Ed. 1 reads “considerable advantage that it should.” ↩

Primogeniture and entails are censured as inimical to agriculture in Lectures, pp. 120, 124, 228. ↩

Lectures, pp. 117⁠–⁠118. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “form.” ↩

In Lectures, p. 123, the Roman origin of entails appears to be accepted. ↩

This passage follows Lectures, p. 124, rather closely, reproducing even the repetition of “absurd.” ↩

Ed. 1 does not contain “supposed to be.” ↩

This remark follows Lectures, p. 228. Cp. below, here through here, and here. ↩

“A small part of the West of Europe is the only portion of the globe that is free from slavery,” “and is nothing in comparison with the vast continents where it still prevails.” —⁠Lectures, p. 96 ↩

Pliny, Historia Naturalis, lib. xviii, cap. iv.; Columella, De re rustica, lib. i, præfatio. ↩

Politics, 1265a. ↩

Raynal, Histoire philosophique (Amsterdam ed.), tom. vi, pp. 368⁠–⁠388. ↩

Above, here; Lectures, p. 225. ↩

Lectures, pp. 100, 101. ↩

Raynal, Histoire philosophique (Amsterdam ed.), tom. i, p. 12. In Lectures, pp. 101, 102, Innocent III appears in error for Alexander III. ↩

Probably Quesnay’s estimate; cp. his article on “Fermiers” in the Encyclopédie, reprinted in his Œuvres, ed. Oncken, 1888, pp. 160, 171. ↩

Garnier is certainly wrong in suggesting in his note, “ce nom vient probablement de la manière dont ils étaient autrefois armés en guerre.” —⁠Recherches, etc., tom. ii, p. 428. “Bow” is the farming stock; “steel” is said to indicate the nature of the contract, and eisern vieh and bestia ferri are quoted as parallels by Cosmo Innes, Lectures on Scotch Legal Antiquities, 1872, pp. 245, 266. ↩

Gilbert, Treatise of Tenures, 3rd ed., 1757, pp. 34 and 54; Blackstone, Commentaries, vol. ii, pp. 141, 142. The whole paragraph follows Lectures, p. 226, rather closely. ↩

M. Bacon, New Abridgment of the Law, 3rd ed., 1768, vol. ii, p. 160, s.v. Ejectment; cp. Lectures, p. 227. ↩

Blackstone, Commentaries, iii, 197. ↩

Lectures, pp. 227⁠–⁠228. ↩

Acts of 1449, c. 6, “ordained for the safety and favour of the poor people that labours the ground.” ↩

10 Geo. III, c. 51. ↩

Below, here. ↩

Lectures, pp. 226, 227. ↩

20 Geo. II, c. 50, § 21. ↩

Lectures, p. 227. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “that.” ↩

Originally tenths and fifteenths of movable goods; subsequently fixed sums levied from the parishes, and raised by them like other local rates; see Cannan, History of Local Rates, 1896, pp. 13⁠–⁠14, 18⁠–⁠20, 22 note, 23 note. ↩

Lectures, p. 226. ↩

Essays on Husbandry (by Walter Harte), 1764, pp. 69⁠–⁠80. ↩

Below, here through here. ↩

Above, here; Lectures, p. 229. ↩

Lectures, p. 233. ↩

See Brady’s historical treatise of Cities and Burroughs, p. 3, etc. —⁠Smith

Robert Brady, Historical Treatise of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, 2nd ed., 1711. See, for the statements as to the position of townsmen and traders contained in these two paragraphs, esp. pp. 16, 18, and Appendix, p. 8. Cp. Hume, History, ed. of 1773, vol. i, p. 205, where Domesday and Brady are both mentioned. The note appears first in ed. 2. —⁠Cannan ↩

Ed. 1 does not contain “the.” ↩

See Madox Firma Burgi, 1726, p. 18; also Madox, History and Antiquities of the Exchequer, chap. 10 sect. v p. 223, first edition 1711. But the statement in the text above that the farm was in place of poll taxes is not supported by Firma Burgi, p. 251, where Madox says the “yearly ferme of towns arose out of certain locata or demised things that yielded issues or profit,” e.g., assised rents, pleas, perquisites, custom of goods, fairs, markets, stallage, aldermanries, tolls and wharfage. It was only if these fell short of the farm, that a direct contribution from the townsmen would be levied. The note appears first in ed. 2. ↩

An instance is given in Firma Burgi, p. 21. ↩

See Madox Firma Burgi: See also Pfeffel in the remarkable events under Frederic II and his successors of the house of Suabia. —⁠Smith

This note appears first in ed. 2. In Pfeffel’s Nouvel Abrégé chronologique de Thistoire et du droit public d’Allemagne, 1776, “Evénements