Washington's Engineer Norman Desmarais (best e book reader .TXT) 📖

The shot usually consisted of nine balls placed between two iron plates.

grenadier. 1. A soldier armed with grenades. 2. A specially selected foot soldier in an elite unit selected on the basis of exceptional height and ability.

gun. A cannon. Guns were referred to by the size of the shot they fired. A three-pounder fired a three-pound ball; a six-pounder fired a six-pound ball.

Hessian. A German mercenary soldier who fought with the British army. Most of the German soldiers came from the kingdom of Hesse-Cassel, hence the name. Other German states that sent soldiers included Brunswick, Hesse-Hanau, Waldeck, Ansbach-Bayreuth, and Anhalt-Zerbst.

howitzer. A cannon with a short barrel and a bore diameter greater than thirty millimeters and a maximum elevation of 60°, used for firing shells at a high angle of elevation to reach a target behind cover or in a trench.

hussars or huzzars. Horse soldiers resembling Hungarian horsemen. They usually wore furred bonnets adorned with a cock’s feather; a doublet with a pair of breeches, to which their stockings are fastened; and boots. They were armed with a saber, carbines, and pistols.

jaeger. A hunter and gamekeeper who fought with the Hessians for the British army. They wore green uniforms, carried rifles, and were expert marksmen.

langrage. A particular kind of shot, formed of bolts, nails, bars, or other pieces of iron tied together and forming a sort of cylinder that corresponds with the bore of the cannon.

letter of marque. 1. A license granted by a monarch authorizing a subject to take reprisals on the subjects of a hostile state for alleged injuries. 2. Later, legal authority to fit out an armed vessel and use it in the capture of enemy merchant shipping and to commit acts that would otherwise have constituted piracy. See also privateer.

light infantry. Foot soldiers who carried lightweight weapons and mini mal field equipment.

loophole. Aperture or slot in defenses, through which the barrels of small arms or cannon can be directed at an outside enemy.

Loyalist. An American who supported the British during the American Revolution; also called Tory.

magazine. A structure to store weapons, ammunition, explosives, and other military equipment or supplies.

man-of-war. A warship.

matross. A private in an artillery unit who needed no specialized skills. Matrosses usually hauled cannon and positioned them. They assisted in the loading, firing, and sponging of the guns.

militia. Civilians who are part-time soldiers who take military training and can serve full time for short periods during emergencies.

minuteman. Member of a special militia unit called a Minute Company. A minuteman pledged to be ready to fight at a minute’s notice.

mortar. A cannon with a relatively short and wide barrel, used for firing shells in a high arc over a short distance, particularly behind enemy defenses. They were not mounted on wheeled carriages.

musket. A firearm with a long barrel, large caliber, and smooth bore. It was used between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, before rifling was invented.

open order. A troop formation in which the distance between the individuals is greater than in close order (which is shoulder to shoulder). Also called extended order.

parapet. Earthen or stone defensive platform on the wall of a fort.

parley. A talk or negotiation, under a truce, between opposing military forces.

parole. A promise given by a prisoner of war, either not to escape or not to take up arms again as a condition of release. Individuals on parole can remain at home and conduct their normal occupations. Breaking parole makes one subject to immediate arrest and often execution. From the French parole, which means “one’s word of honor.”

privateer. An armed vessel owned and crewed by private individuals and holding a government commission known as a letter of marque, authorizing the capture of merchant shipping belonging to an enemy nation. See letter of marque.

rampart. An earthen fortification made of an embankment and often topped by a low protective wall.

ravelin. A small outwork fortification shaped like an arrowhead or a V that points outward in front of a larger defense work to protect the sally port or entrance.

redan. Lines or faces forming salient and reentering angles flanking one another and generally used on the side of a river that runs through a garrisoned town.

redoubt. A temporary fortification built to defend a prominent position, such as a hilltop.

regiment. A permanent military unit usually consisting of two or three companies. British regiments generally consisted of ten companies, one of which was grenadiers. Some German regiments consisted of two thousand men.

regular. Belonging to or constituting a full-time professional military or police force as opposed to, for example, the reserves or militia.

ropewalk. A long, narrow building where rope is made.

round shot. Spherical ball of cast iron or steel for firing from smooth-bore cannon; a cannonball. The shots were referred to by the weight of the ball: a nine-pound shot weighed nine pounds; a twelve-pound shot weighed twelve pounds. Round shot was used principally to batter fortifications. The balls could be heated (“hot shot”) and fired at the hulls of ships or buildings to set them on fire. The largest balls (thirty-two-and sixty-four-pounders) were sometimes called “big shot.”

sapper. A soldier who specializes in making entrenchments and tunnels for siege operations.

saucisson. 1. A kind of fascine, longer than the common ones. They serve to raise batteries and to repair breaches. They are also used in making epaulements and stopping passages and in making traverses over a wet ditch and so on. 2. A long pipe or bag, made of cloth or leather, about an inch and a half in diameter, filled with powder going from the chamber of a mine to the entrance of the gallery. It serves to give fire to the mine.

shell. An explosive projectile fired from a large-bore gun, such as a howitzer or mortar. See also bomb, howitzer, and mortar.

ship of the line. A large warship with sufficient armament to enter combat with similar vessels in the line of battle. A ship of the line carried sixty to one hundred guns.

shot. A bullet or projectile fired from a weapon. See also bar shot, canister shot, chain shot,