Washington's Engineer Norman Desmarais (best e book reader .TXT) 📖

grapeshot, round shot, sliding bar shot, and star shot.

sliding bar shot. A projectile similar to a bar shot. A sliding bar shot has two interlocked bars that extend almost double the length of a bar shot, thereby increasing the potential damage to a ship’s rigging and sails.

spike [a gun]. To destroy a cannon by hammering a long spike into the touch hole or vent, thereby rendering it useless.

spontoon. A type of half-pike or halberd carried by infantry officers in the eighteenth century (from about 1740).

stand of arms. A complete set of arms (musket, bayonet, cartridge box, and belt) for one soldier.

star shot. A kind of chain shot.

Tory. A Loyalist, also called Refugee and Cow-Boy. The Whigs usually used the term in a derogatory manner.

trunnions. Two pieces of metal sticking out of the sides of an artillery piece. They serve to hold the artillery piece on the carriage and allow it to be raised or lowered. The trunnions are generally as long as the diameter of the cannonball and have the same diameter.

Whig. Somebody who supported independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The name comes from the British liberal political party that favored reforms and opposed many of the policies of the king and Parliament related to the American War for Independence.

WORKS CITED

Abbot, Henry L. “The Corps of Engineers,” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 15, no. 68 (March 1894): 413–27.

Archives des Affaires Étrangères, États-Unis.

Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères: Correspondance politique, États-Unis.

Auge, M. Biographies of Montgomery County Men. Norristown, PA: n.p., 1879.

Baker, William Spohn, ed. Itinerary of General Washington: From June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783. Lambertville, NJ: Hunterdon House, 1970.

———, ed. Itinerary of General Washington, from August 24, 1777 to June 20, 1778. East Sussex, UK: Gardners Books, 2007.

Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de. Correspondance [de] Beaumarchais. Edited by Brian N. Morton and Donald C. Spinelli. Paris: A.-G. Nizet, 1969– .

———. For the Good of Mankind: Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais Political Correspondence Relative to the American Revolution. Compiled, edited, and translated by Antoinette Shewmake. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987.

Boynton, Edward C. The History of West Point. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1864.

British Archives. Record Group 76. Records Relating to French Spoliation Claims, 1791–1821.

British National Archives. Colonial Office Papers, vol. 5.

Burnett, Edmund Cody, ed. Letters of Members of the Continental Congress. Gloucester, UK: P. Smith, 1963.

Deane, Silas. The Deane Papers . . . 1774–[1790]. Edited by Charles Isham. New York: Printed for the Society, 1887–1890.

Dennery, Etienne, ed. Beaumarchais (Catalog of the 1966 Exposition). Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1966.

Desmarais, Norman. America’s First Ally: France in the Revolutionary War. Philadelphia: Casemate, 2019.

Doniol, Henri. Histoire de la participation de la France à l’établissement des États-Unis d’Amérique. Correspondance diplomatique et documents. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1886–1892.

Fitzpatrick, John C. George Washington Himself: A Common-Sense Biography Written from His Manuscripts. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1933.

Founders Online. “[Diary Entry: 14 August 1781].” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-03-02-0007-0004-0010.

———. “From George Washington to Antoine-Charles du Houx, baron de Vioménil, 23 March 1783.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10905.

———. “From George Washington to Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle Duportail, 23 September 1783.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11845

———. “From George Washington to François-Claude-Amour, marquis de Bouillé. 23 March 1783.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10897.

———. “From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 27 January 1780.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-24-02-0227.

———. “To George Washington from Anne-César, Chevalier de La Luzerne, 21 November 1783.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-12090.

———. “To George Washington from Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle Duportail, 24 November 1781.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-07442.

———. “To George Washington from Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle Duportail, 19 February 1783.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10672.

———. “To George Washington from Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle Duportail, 16 April 1783.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11074.

———. “To George Washington from Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle Duportail, 30 September 1783.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11871.

———. “To George Washington from Captain William McMurray et al., 26 May 1780.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-26-02-0130.

———. “To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, 8 September 1781.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-06933.

———. “To George Washington from William Heath, 21 February 1782.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-07853.

Franklin, Benjamin. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Leonard W. Labaree and Whitfield J. Bell Jr. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959. http://franklinpapers.org.

Greene, Nathanael. The Papers of General Nathanael Greene. Edited by Richard K. Showman, Margaret Cobb, Robert E. McCarthy, Joyce Boulind, Noel P. Conlon, and Nathaniel N. Shipton. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, for the Rhode Island Historical Society, 1976.

Hamilton, Alexander. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Edited by Harold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.

———. The Works of Alexander Hamilton. Edited by Henry Cabot Lodge. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904.

———. The Works of Alexander Hamilton: Comprising His Correspondence and His Political and Official Writings, Exclusive of the Federalist, Civil and Military. New York: C. S. Francis, 1851.

Hammond, Otis Grant, ed. Letters and Papers of Major-General John Sullivan, Continental Army. Concord: New Hampshire Historical Society, 1930.

Hazard, Samuel, ed. The Register of Pennsylvania 4, no. 8 (August 22, 1829).

H.R. Res. 220, 20th Cong., 1st Sess. (April 1828).

Howe, Sir William. The Narrative of Lt. Gen. Sir William Howe in a Committee of the House of Commons on 29th April 1779, Relative to His Conduct during His Late Command of the King’s Troops in North America, to Which Are Added Some Observations upon a Pamphlet Entitled Letters to a Nobleman. London: H. Baldwin, 1780.

Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1840–1841.

Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789–1873.

Jusserand, J. J. Introduction to L’Enfant and Washington, 1791–1792, by Elizabeth S. Kite. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1929.

Kite, Elizabeth S. Brigadier-General Louis Lebègue Duportail, Commandant of Engineers in the Continental Army, 1777–1783. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1933.

———. “General Washington and the French Engineers Duportail and Companions.” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 43, no. 1 (March 1932): 1–33.

———. “General Washington and the French Engineers Duportail and Companions.” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 43, no. 2 (June 1932): 97–141.

———. “General Washington and the French Engineers Duportail and Companions.” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 43, no. 3 (September 1932): 193–219.

———. “General Washington and the French Engineers Duportail and