A very interesting statement of one of our contemporaries is that any person, to one degree or another, is both a psychologist and a philosopher - they say, life forces him to. On the one hand, the main driving force of every person is the craving for knowledge, the desire to reach certain social heights, the desire to be wise in any everyday situations - and this is the philosophy of life. Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Charles Mackay (read book txt) đź“–
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the Pope; his personal appearance, 7;
council at Placentia, 8;
the Pope preaches the Crusade at Clermont, 9;
enthusiasm of the people, 10;
increased by signs and portents, 11;
zeal of the women, 12;
crowds of Crusaders, 13;
“The truce of God” proclaimed; dissipation of the Crusaders, 14;
popular leaders; Walter the Penniless, and Gottschalk, 15;
conflicts with the Hungarians, 15, 16;
Peter the Hermit defeated; arrives at Constantinople, 17;
the Emperor Alexius; dissensions and reverses of the first Crusaders, 18;
Peter the Hermit assisted by Alexius, 19;
fresh hordes from Germany and France; their cruelty to the Jews, 20;
defeated in Hungary; fresh leaders; Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh count of Vermandois, Robert duke of Normandy, Robert count of Flanders and Bohemund, 21;
the immense number of their forces; Hugh of Vermandois imprisoned, 23;
his release obtained by Godfrey of Bouillon, 24;
insolence of Count Robert of Paris; weakness of Alexius, 25;
the siege of Nice, 26;
barbarity of the Crusaders and Musselmen; anecdote of Godfrey of Bouillon, 27;
Nice surrenders to Alexius; battle of Dorylœum, 28;
improvidence and sufferings of the Crusaders, 29, 30;
the siege of Antioch, 29, 31;
Crusaders reduced to famine, 30;
Antioch taken by treachery in the garrison (engraving), 32;
the city invested by the Turks, 34;
increasing famine and desertion, 35;
Peter Barthelemy, his pretended vision, and discovery of the “Holy Lance” (engraving), 35-37, 40;
revival of enthusiasm, 38;
battle of Antioch, and defeat of the Turks, 38;
dissensions, 40;
fate of Peter Barthelemy, 41;
Marah taken by storm, 42;
shrine of the nativity at Bethlehem, (engraving), 43;
first sight of Jerusalem (engraving), 44;
the city besieged and taken, 45;
Peter the Hermit’s fame revives, 46;
Jerusalem under its Christian kings, 48;
Godfrey of Bouillon succeeded by Baldwin; continual conflicts with the Saracens; Edessa taken by them, 50.
Second Crusade:—Society in Europe at its commencement, 52;
St. Bernard’s preaching; Louis VII. joins the Crusaders, 53-55;
receives the cross at Vezelai (engraving), 54;
is joined by Conrad emperor of Germany and a large army, 56;
their reception by Manuel Comnenus, 57;
losses of the German army, 58;
progress to Nice, and thence to Jerusalem, 60;
jealousies of the leaders; siege of Damascus, 61;
further dissensions; the siege abandoned, 62.
Third Crusade:—Progress of chivalry, 62;
successes of Saladin, 63;
Barbarossa defeats the Saracens, 64;
Crusade joined by Henry II. and Philip Augustus, 64;
they meet at Gisors (engraving), 65;
the Crusade unpopular, 66;
delayed by war between France and England, death of Henry II.; Richard and Philip proceed to Palestine, 67;
Richard attacks the Sicilians, 68;
arrives at Acre, 69;
siege and surrender of the city, 71;
dissensions, Philip returns to France, Saladin defeated at Azotus, 72;
Crusaders reach Bethlehem (engraving), retreat agreed on, 73;
Jaffa attacked by Saladin and rescued by Richard, peace concluded, Richard’s imprisonment and ransom, 74.
Fourth Crusade, undertaken by the Germans; its failure, 75.
Fifth Crusade:—Foulque, Bishop of Neuilly, enlists the chivalry of France; assisted by the Venetians; siege of Zara, 76;
Crusaders expel Alexius III. from Constantinople, 77;
Alexius IV. deposed, 78;
Murzuphlis defeated by the Crusaders and Venetians, 79;
Baldwin count of Flanders, elected emperor; Pilgrimages to Jerusalem; children undertaking the Crusade are betrayed to slavery, 80.
Sixth Crusade, prompted by the Pope, 81;
undertaken by the King of Hungary; pursued in Egypt; Damietta taken, 82;
Cardinal Pelagius and John of Brienne, 83;
dissensions and reverses; Damietta abandoned, 84.
Seventh Crusade:—Undertaken by Frederick II. of Germany, 84;
intrigues against him; he is excommunicated, 85;
crowns himself King of Jerusalem, 86;
supported by the Templars and Hospitallers (engraving), 86;
returns to Germany, 87.
Eighth Crusade, commenced in France, 87:
battle of Gaza; Richard earl of Cornwall; truce agreed on; the Korasmins take Jerusalem, 88;
they subdue the Templars, but are extirpated by the Syrian sultans, 90.
Ninth Crusade, began by Louis IX., 90;
joined by William Longsword (engraving), 91;
the Crusade unpopular in England, 91-97;
Damietta taken, 93;
battle of Massoura; Louis taken prisoner by the Saracens; his ransom and return, 94;
excitement in France, 95.
Tenth Crusade, by Louis IX. and Prince Edward of England, 95;
Louis dies at Carthage, 96;
Edward arrives at Acre, 97;
defeats the Turks at Nazereth; is treacherously wounded; the legend of Queen Eleanor, 98;
her tomb at Westminster (engraving); a truce concluded; Edward returns to England; subsequent fate of the Holy Land, 99;
civilising influence of the Crusades, 100.
Currency in France, the Mississippi scheme, i. 4.
D’Aguesseau, Chancellor of France, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 11;
portrait of; his financial measures, 33.
Damascus, besieged by the Crusaders (engraving), ii. 61.
Damietta besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 83, 93.
Dances of witches and toads, ii. 108, 109.
D’Ancre, the Maréchale, executed for witchcraft, ii. 166.
Dandolo, Doge of Venice, his encouragement of the Crusaders, ii. 76.
D’Apone, Pietro, his studies in alchymy; his command of money; charged with heresy, is tortured, and dies in prison, i. 104;
portrait of, ii. 140.
D’Argenson, French minister of finance, a supporter of the Mississippi scheme, i. 11, 42;
portrait of, 42.
Dead, the. (See Raising the Dead.)
De Bouteville, a famous duellist, temp. Louis XIII., ii. 280;
beheaded by the justice of Richelieu, 281.
Dee, Dr., memoir and portrait of, i. 152;
his “shew-stone” in the British Museum (engraving), 154.
De Jarnac and La Chataigneraie, their famous duel, ii. 273.
Deleuze, M., his absurd theories on animal magnetism, i. 291.
Delisle, Alain, an alchymist, i. 102.
Delisle, Jean, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 189;
his success in transmuting metals, attested by the Bishop of Senes, 193;
his imprisonment and death, 197.
Delrio, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.
De Meung, Jean, author of the Roman de la Rose, his study of alchymy, his libel on the fair sex, i. 112.
Demons, popular belief in, ii. 105;
their powers and propensities, 106, 107;
their meetings or “Sabbaths,” 107.
(See Witchcraft and the Alchymists.)
De Nogent, his description of Peter the Hermit, ii. 7;
of the enthusiasm of the first Crusaders, 12, 23.
De Rays, Maréchale, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 125.
De Rohan, Cardinal, his patronage of Cagliostro, i. 213-215;
his connexion with Marie Antoinette and the diamond necklace, 216-220.
D’Eslon, a pupil of Mesmer, i. 276, 280.
Desmarets, Minister of France, his belief in alchymy, i. 192.
Devil, the, old popular notions of, ii. 103;
various forms assumed by him, 106, 107;
presided at the witches’ “Sabbath,” 108;
his appearance to De Rays and Agrippa, i. 129, 142.
De Villeneuve, Arnold, his skill as a physician, astrologer and alchymist (with portrait), i. 103.
D’Horn, Count, murders a broker, and steals his Mississippi bonds (engraving), i. 21;
efforts to save his life, inflexibility of the Regent, his execution, 22, 23.
Diamond, famous, purchased by the Regent Orleans, i. 27.
Diamond Necklace of Marie Antoinette, history of the theft, i. 206-220.
Diamonds worn by the Count St. Germain, i. 203;
his power of removing flaws in, 204.
Digby, Sir Kenelm, a believer in the virtues of “weapon-salve,” i. 265.
Diseases cured by imagination, i. 262, 272;
pretended influence of magnetism, 262.
(See the Magnetisers.)
Divination, its popularity; by cards, the tea-cup, the palm of the hand, the rod, and other modes, i. 251.
“Domdaniel,” or Witches’ Sabbath. (See Witchcraft.)
Dorylæum, battle of, ii. 28.
Dowston, John, an English alchymist, i. 136.
Dramas on the adventures of thieves; their popularity and evil influence, ii. 253, 257-260.
Dreams, interpretation of, i. 253.
Dreams on particular nights, i. 258.
Dream-books, their extensive sale, i. 254.
Du Pompadour, Madame, and the Count de St. Germain, i. 201.
Dupotet, M., his account of Mesmer’s experiments, i. 279, 285.
Drummer of Tedworth. (See Haunted Houses.)
Du Barri, Vicomte, killed in a duel at Bath, ii. 293.
Duels and Ordeals, ii. 261-301;
the ordeal by combat, or trial by battle, its natural origin; authorised by law, 262;
discouraged by the clergy, 263;
the oath upon the Evangelists, 264;
judgment by the cross, 264;
fire-ordeal, 265;
ordeals used by modern Hindoos, 265;
water ordeal, 265;
the corsned, or bread and cheese ordeal, 266;
ordeals superseded by judicial combats, 267;
duels of Ingelgerius and Gontran (engraving), 269;
De Montfort and the Earl of Essex, 270;
Du Guesclin and Troussel (engraving), 261, 271;
Carrouges and Legris, 272;
La Chataigneraie and De Jarnac, 273;
L’Isle-Marivaut and Marolles, 276;
the Dukes de Beaufort and de Nemours, 282;
Count de Bussy and Bruc, 282;
frivolous causes of duels, 270, 271, 276, 282, 292, 296;
their prevalence in France, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282;
the custom opposed by Sully and Henry IV.; council at Fontainebleau (engraving), and royal edict, 277-279;
efforts of Richelieu to suppress duelling, 280;
De Bouteville, a famous duellist, beheaded by the justice of Richelieu; opinion of Addison on duelling, 281;
duels in Germany, 282;
severe edict by Louis XIV., 283;
singular laws of Malta, 284;
judicial combat in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; Lord Bacon opposes duelling, 285;
Lord Sanquir’s duel with Turner; his execution for murder; combat between Lord Reay and David Ramsay
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