The Foundations of Personality by Abraham Myerson (sites to read books for free TXT) 📖
- Author: Abraham Myerson
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lent subtlety and wisdom to his life, rather than weakness. Now
and then he became harassed by a feeling of unreality, by a
questioning skepticism that nullified happiness, and he felt
himself divided by his intellect. These he shook off by dropping
his work, by hunting, fishing and accepting simple goals of
activity. Later on he married, and became a scholar of some note.
I think he now relishes life as well as any really thoughtful man
of middle life can.
There is a personality type, the emotional introspective, whose
interest in life is directed toward their own sensations and
emotions. They do not view people or things as having a value in
themselves and for themselves; they deliberately view them as
sources of a personal pleasurable sensation. I do not mean the
crude egoist who asks of anything or anybody, “What good is it
(or he) for me?” but I mean that connoisseur in emotions,
casually blase and bored, who seeks new sensations. This is an
introspective deviation of a serious kind, for the connoisseur in
emotions rarely is happy and usually is most deeply miserable.
Bourget in his remarkable psychological novel, “A Love Crime,”
has admirably drawn one of these characters. The exquisite
Armand, seeking pleasure constantly, is divided into the
sensualist who seduces and ruins and the introspectionist who
watches the proceeding with disgust and disillusion. It is not an
outraged conscience that is at work but the inability to feel
without analyzing the feeling “Ah, for a single passion that
might apply my entire sensibility to another being, like wet
paper against a window pane.” This is the eternal tragedy of
sophistication,—that there results an anhedonia in large part
manifested by a restless introspection. The mind is drawn away
from the outside world, and everything is seen out of proportion.
The hypochondriac directs his attention to his health and is in
part a monothymic of the fear type. Moliere’s “Le Malade
Imaginaire” is a classical study of this person, and I do not,
presume to better it. Modern popularizing of disease has
distinctly increased the numbers of the hypochondriacs, or at any
rate has made their fears more scientific. Brain tumor, gastric
ulcer, appendicitis, tuberculosis, heart disease, cancer,
syphilis,—often have I seen a hypochondriac run the gamut of
all these deadly diseases and still retain his health. The faddy
habits they form are the sustenance of those who start the varied
forms of vegetarianism, chewing cults, fresh-air fiends,
wet-grass fanatics, back-to-nature societies, and the mild
lunacies of our (and every) age.
One such hypochondriac, J., after suffering from every disease in
the advertising pages of the daily newspapers, developed a system
of habits that finally became a disease in itself. He rose at
6.30 each morning, stood naked in the middle of the room, took
six deep breaths, rolled around on the floor and kicked his arms
and legs about for fifteen minutes, took a drink of cold water,
had a shower bath and a rub-down, shaved, attended to “certain
bodily functions” (his term, not mine), ate a breakfast
consisting of gluten bread, two slices, one and one-half glasses
of milk, a soft-boiled egg (three and one-half minutes) and an
orange; walked to work, taking exactly twenty minutes to do it;
opened the windows wide in his office (fighting with the other
clerks who preferred comfort to fresh air), ate a health luncheon
at noon consisting of Postum, nuts, health bread, and two squares
of milk chocolate; walked home at six, taking exactly 20 minutes
to do it; washed, lay on the couch fifteen minutes with mind
fixed on infinity (a Hindoo trick, so he heard), ate dinner,
which never varied much from rice, cream, potatoes, milk and,
heritage of saner days, a small piece of pie! All the day he
watched each pain and ache, noted whether he belched or spit more
than usual, and at night went to sleep at 10.30. Needless to say
he had no friends, was known as “that nut” and really broke down
from too arduous an introspective existence.
The term self-denial has been used from earliest times to
indicate what we have called inhibition. But self-denial is
fundamentally a wrong term, since it implies that the self is
that which lusts and shirks, and that which controls desire and
holds the individual to a consistent and ethical line of conduct
is not the self. In fact, the self is based on inhibition and
control, and when there is failure in these regards there is
self-failure.
Interesting is the under-inhibited person. I mean by this term
the one who consistently and in most relationship shows an
inability to control the primitive instincts, impulses and
desires. J. F. may stand as a type that becomes the “black sheep”
and in many cases the “criminal.” He comes of what is known as a
“good family,” which in his case means that the parents are
well-to-do, of good reputation and rather above the average in
intelligence. The brothers and sisters have all done well, are
settled in their ways and are not to be distinguished from the
people of their social set in manners or morals.
It was impossible to discipline J. As a very young child he
resisted his mother’s efforts to train him into tidiness or
restraint. He stole whatever he desired, and though he was
alternately punished and pleaded with, though he seemed to desire
to please his parents, he continued to steal whenever there was
opportunity. At six he entered a neighbor’s house, and while
there took a purse that was lying on a table, rifled it of its
contents and disappeared for nearly a day, when he was found in a
down-town district, having gorged himself with candy and cake.
From then on his peculations increased, and his conduct became
the scandal of his family, for he stole even from the maids
employed in the house, as well as from guests. In each case the
stealing was apparently motivated to give a good time to himself
and also to certain chums he made here and there in the city. He
would lie to evade punishment, but finally would yield, confess
his guilt, express deepest repentance and accept his punishment
with the sincerity of one fully conscious of deserving it.
In school he did poorly. He was bright enough. In fact, he was
somewhat above the average in memory and comprehension and may be
described as keen, but it was difficult for him to keep his
attention consistently on any subject, and the discipline of
school irked him. He ran away several times to avoid school, and
each time, until he was about fourteen, came back after a few
days,—bedraggled, hungry and repentant. The freedom of the
streets appealed to him as offering a life varied enough to suit
his nature, and with excitement and adventure always in the air.
So he mingled with all kinds of boys and men and at the age of
fourteen shocked his parents by being arrested as one of a gang
that was engaged in robbing drunken men in the slum quarters of
the city. It took all kinds of influence to get him released on
probation, but this was accomplished and then the boy disappeared
from home.
He was gone three years and despite all search had completely
disappeared. His people had given up all hope of seeing him again
(although certain members of his family were not at all saddened
by the prospect) when they received a communication from the
police of a distant city with a photograph of the boy, asking if
it was true that he was their son. It seems that J. had drifted
from place to place, now working as newsboy, stable hand, errand
boy, messenger, theater-usher, until he had reached this city.
There he was wandering on the streets, hungry and ragged, when a
philanthropic old gentleman noticed him. J. has the good fortune
to be very innocent looking, and no matter what his crimes, his
face might belong to a cherub. A friend once stated that if J.
appeared at Heaven’s gate, St. Peter would surely take him to be
an angel come back from a stroll and let him in. The
philanthropist stopped, the boy and inquired into his history. J.
told him a very affecting story of being an orphan whom a cruel
guardian had robbed of his heritage and exaggerated his
sufferings until the indignant old fellow threatened to have the
police prosecute his betrayer. With a show of great magnanimity,
J. refused to disclose his real name, and the philanthropist took
him home. He had him clothed and fed, and then, taken by the
boy’s engaging manners and bright ways, decided to educate and
adopt him. He was dissuaded from the latter by a friend, but he
sent J. to a private school of good grade. To the surprise of the
old man, J. was continually getting into mischief, and finally he
was accused of stealing. Unable to believe the school
authorities, the old gentleman took the boy home and quizzed him.
He gave an unsatisfactory account of himself and that night
disappeared with a considerable sum of money. The police were
notified, and a week later he was found in a house of the
type—so euphemistically called—of “ill fame.” There he was
spending the money lavishly on the inmates and was indulging his
every desire. One of the women, a police stool-pigeon, identified
him as the boy who was wanted by the law, and he was arrested.
Despite the efforts of the parents and the philanthropist, the
boy was given a prison sentence and is still serving it.
Characteristic of this group of personalities are these traits:
(1) an impatience with the arduous, an incapacity or
unwillingness to wait for results in the ordinary way; (2) a
decided dread of monotony, a longing for excitement; (3) an
inability to form permanent purposes and to inhibit the
distracting desires; (4) a desire to win others’ good opinion and
sympathy,—therefore he always lavished his money on those whom
that kind of “good fellowship” wins and told pathetic stories to
those whose sentimentality made them easy victims; (5) a weak
kind of egoism, seeking easy ways to pleasure and position,
restless under discipline, always repentant after wrong-doing,
fluent in speech but lacking the courage to face the difficulties
of life.
This under-inhibited type may suddenly reform and apparently
entirely emerge from difficulties. I have in mind a conspicuous
case, a young woman now happily married and the mother of fine
children. When she was thirteen or fourteen the petty pilferings
of her childhood took on a serious character. She began to steal
from the person of strangers and from the homes of friends. She
romanced in the most convincing fashion, told strangers the most
remarkable stories, usually of such a nature as to make her
interesting and an object of sympathy, but which tended to
blacken the reputation of her family. She lost place after place
at work, was sent to a hospital to become a nurse and demoralized
her associates by her lies and her thefts. She was a very sweet
girl in every other way, kindly, generous, self-sacrificing,
studious even, and her character-contradiction made people
reluctant to believe she was not insane. She was discharged from
the hospital, stayed at home for a few months,—and then came the
miracle. She obtained a place in a large business house and
worked there for seven years or up till the time of her marriage.
She was steadily promoted and was accounted the most reliable and
honest employee of the establishment. She handled money and
goods, was absolutely truthful and her earnest efficiency was
noteworthy. Her private life was in complete harmony with this
business career. She helped her parents, who are poor, dressed
modestly, studied nights and
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