Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (best motivational novels .txt) 📖

in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. §406.1.

2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. §406.2.

«38.» The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with «ad», or the genitive with «causā», is used to express purpose. §407.

Moods and Tenses of Verbs

«39.» Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. §358.

«40.» The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause. §349.

«41.» A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. §366.

«42.» Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by «ut» (that not) or «nē» (that or lest). §372.

«43.» Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by «ut» or «ut nōn», and have the verb in the subjunctive. §385.

«44.» Object clauses of result with «ut» or «ut nōn» are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. §386.

«45.» A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description. §390.

«46.» The conjunction «cum» means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. §396.

«47.» When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. §416.

«48.» The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. §419.

«49.» A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. §418.

«50.» In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. §432.

[Illustration: DOMINA]

APPENDIX III REVIEWS[1]

    [Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned
    for a written test.]

  [Transcriber’s Note:
  In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may
not be in the same order as in the original.]

I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII

«502.» Give the English of the following words:[1]

  NOUNS
   agricola «gallīna»
   ancilla iniūria
  «aqua» «īnsula»
  «casa» «lūna»
  «causa» «nauta»
   cēna «pecūnia»
  «corōna» puella
  «dea» «pugna»
   domina «sagitta»
   fābula «silva»
  «fera» «terra»
  «fīlia» «tuba»
  «fortūna» «via»
  «fuga» «victōria»

ADJECTIVES «alta» «magna» «bona» «mala» «clāra» «nova» «grāta» «parva» «lāta» «pulchra» «longa» «sōla»

  VERBS
   amat «necat»
  «dat» «nūntiat»
  «est» «parat»
   habitat «portat»
  «labōrat» «pugnat»
  «laudat» «sunt»
   nārrat «vocat»

PREPOSITIONS «ā» or «ab» «ad» «cum» «dē» «ē» or «ex» «in»

PRONOUNS «mea» «tua» «quis» «cuius» «cui» «quem» «quid»

ADVERBS «cūr» «deinde» «nōn» «ubi»

  CONJUNCTIONS
  «et»
   quia
  «quod»

  INTERROGATIVE
  PARTICLE
  «-ne»

    [Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in
    the reviews. Words used in Cassar’s “Gallic War” are in heavy type.]

«503.» Give the Latin of the following words:[1]

Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.

flight wide story tells new money lives (verb) calls away from with who your why then, in the next place forest daughter wreath to whom deep, high fortune dinner famous out from labors (verb) my kills where not trumpet in lady, mistress and whom sailor island farmer goddess what wild beast way praises (verb) bad alone loves pleasing pretty prepares water are great to is because announces arrow injury, wrong cottage battle (noun) gives small girl fights (verb) good maid carries down from chicken long victory cause land whose

[Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics.]

«504.» «Review Questions.» How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender