ionships, and when we have mastered these and their chief modifications and combinations, we have the essence of grammar as truly as if we knew the name for every possible combination which our seven fundamental relationships might have. Since rhetoric is the art of appealing to the emotions and intelligence of our hearers, we need to know, not the names of all the different artifices which may be employed, but the nature and laws of emotion and intelligence as they may be reached through language; for if we know what we are hitting at, a little practice will enable us to hit accurately; whereas if we knew the name of every kind of blow, and yet were ignorant of the thing we were hitting at, namely the intelligence and emotion of our fellow man, we would be forever striking into the air,---striking cleverly perhaps, but ineffectively.
Having got our bearings, we find before us a purely practical problem, that of leading the student through the maze of a new science and teaching him the skill of an old
that differences of opinion arescarcely likely to arise as to its applicability in practice.
*** A refinement and modification of these views does not becomenecessary until we come to deal with the general theory of relativity,treated in the second part of this book.
SPACE AND TIME IN CLASSICAL MECHANICS
The purpose of mechanics is to describe how bodies change theirposition in space with "time." I should load my conscience with gravesins against the sacred spirit of lucidity were I to formulate theaims of mechanics in this way, without serious reflection and detailedexplanations. Let us proceed to disclose these sins.
It is not clear what is to be understood here by "position" and"space." I stand at the window of a railway carriage which istravelling uniformly, and drop a stone on the embankment, withoutthrowing it. Then, disregarding the influence of the air resistance, Isee the stone descend in a straight line. A pedestrian who observesthe misdeed from the footpath notices th
lerk, whilehis father continued to speak through the door. "He isn'twell, please believe me. Why else would Gregor have misseda train! The lad only ever thinks about the business. Itnearly makes me cross the way he never goes out in theevenings; he's been in town for a week now but stayed homeevery evening. He sits with us in the kitchen and justreads the paper or studies train timetables. His idea ofrelaxation is working with his fretsaw. He's made a littleframe, for instance, it only took him two or three evenings,you'll be amazed how nice it is; it's hanging up in hisroom; you'll see it as soon as Gregor opens the door.Anyway, I'm glad you're here; we wouldn't have been able toget Gregor to open the door by ourselves; he's so stubborn;and I'm sure he isn't well, he said this morning that he is,but he isn't."
"I'll be there in a moment", said Gregor slowly andthoughtfully, but without moving so that he would not missany word of the conversation. "Well I can't think of anyother wa
nd Baron Osborne of Kiveton, in Yorkshire; Lord High Treasurerof England, one of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council,and Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
My Lord,
The gratitude of poets is so troublesome a virtue to great men,that you are often in danger of your own benefits: for you arethreatened with some epistle, and not suffered to do good inquiet, or to compound for their silence whom you have obliged.Yet, I confess, I neither am or ought to be surprised at thisindulgence; for your lordship has the same right to favourpoetry, which the great and noble have ever had--
Carmen amat, quisquis carmine digna gerit.
There is somewhat of a tie in nature betwixt those who are bornfor worthy actions, and those who can transmit them to posterity;and though ours be much the inferior part, it comes at leastwithin the verge of alliance; nor are we unprofitable membersof the commonwealth, when we animate others to those virtues,which we copy and describe from you.
ed a glass of it in place of his breakfast and how he thentook a second glassful in order to give himself courage, the last onejust as a precaution for the unlikely chance it would be needed.
Then he was so startled by a shout to him from the other room thathe struck his teeth against the glass. "The supervisor wants to seeyou!" a voice said. It was only the shout that startled him, this curt,abrupt, military shout, that he would not have expected from thepoliceman called Franz. In itself, he found the order very welcome."At last!" he called back, locked the cupboard and, without delay,hurried into the next room. The two policemen were standing there andchased him back into his bedroom as if that were a matter of course."What d'you think you're doing?" they cried. "Think you're going to seethe supervisor dressed in just your shirt, do you? He'd see to it yougot a right thumping, and us and all!" "Let go of me for God's sake!"called K., who had already been pushed back as far as his ward
ss Cushing? We may take it that the sender of the packet is the man whom we want. But he must have some strong reason for sending Miss Cushing this packet. What reason then? It must have been to tell her that the deed was done! or to pain her, perhaps. But in that case she knows who it is. Does she know? I doubt it. If she knew, why should she call the police in? She might have buried the ears, and no one would have been the wiser. That is what she would have done if she had wished to shield the criminal. But if she does not wish to shield him she would give his name. There is a tangle here which needs straightening to." He had been talking in a high, quick voice, staring blankly up over the garden fence, but now he sprang briskly to his feet and walked towards the house.
"I have a few questions to ask Miss Cushing," said he.
"In that case I may leave you here," said Lestrade, "for I have another small business on hand. I think that I have nothing further to learn from Miss Cushing. You will fin
p>The most important of these laws is the Law of Habit. In obedience to this law, the next idea to enter the mind will be the one that has been most frequently associated with the interesting part of the subject you are now thinking of.
The sight of a pile of manuscript on your desk ready for the printer, the thought of a printer, the word "printer," spoken or printed, calls to mind the particular printer with whom you have been dealing for some years.
The word "cocoa," the thought of a cup of cocoa, the mental picture of a cup of cocoa, may conjure with it not merely a steaming cup before the mind's eye and the flavor of the contents, but also a daintily clad figure in apron and cap bearing the brand of some well-known cocoa manufacturer.
If a typist or pianist has learned one system of fingering, it is almost impossible to change, because each letter, each note on the keyboard is associated with the idea of movement in a particular finger. Constant use has so welded th
ing at thewindow where the merrymaking was, and called to him to come in; and hecould not withstand the temptation, but went in, and forgot the goldenbird and his country in the same manner.
Time passed on again, and the youngest son too wished to set out intothe wide world to seek for the golden bird; but his father would notlisten to it for a long while, for he was very fond of his son, andwas afraid that some ill luck might happen to him also, and preventhis coming back. However, at last it was agreed he should go, for hewould not rest at home; and as he came to the wood, he met the fox,and heard the same good counsel. But he was thankful to the fox, anddid not attempt his life as his brothers had done; so the fox said,'Sit upon my tail, and you will travel faster.' So he sat down, andthe fox began to run, and away they went over stock and stone so quickthat their hair whistled in the wind.
When they came to the village, the son followed the fox's counsel, andwithout looking about him w
pree on shore suffices to unfold for himthe secret of a whole continent, and generally he finds the secretnot worth knowing. The yarns of seamen have a direct simplicity,the whole meaning of which lies within the shell of a cracked nut.But Marlow was not typical (if his propensity to spin yarns beexcepted), and to him the meaning of an episode was not insidelike a kernel but outside, enveloping the tale which brought itout only as a glow brings out a haze, in the likeness of one ofthese misty halos that sometimes are made visible by the spectralillumination of moonshine.
His remark did not seem at all surprising. It was just like Marlow. It wasaccepted in silence. No one took the trouble to grunt even; and presentlyhe said, very slow--
"I was thinking of very old times, when the Romans first came here,nineteen hundred years ago--the other day. . . . Light cameout of this river since--you say Knights? Yes; but it is like arunning blaze on a plain, like a flash of lightning in the clou
ionships, and when we have mastered these and their chief modifications and combinations, we have the essence of grammar as truly as if we knew the name for every possible combination which our seven fundamental relationships might have. Since rhetoric is the art of appealing to the emotions and intelligence of our hearers, we need to know, not the names of all the different artifices which may be employed, but the nature and laws of emotion and intelligence as they may be reached through language; for if we know what we are hitting at, a little practice will enable us to hit accurately; whereas if we knew the name of every kind of blow, and yet were ignorant of the thing we were hitting at, namely the intelligence and emotion of our fellow man, we would be forever striking into the air,---striking cleverly perhaps, but ineffectively.
Having got our bearings, we find before us a purely practical problem, that of leading the student through the maze of a new science and teaching him the skill of an old
that differences of opinion arescarcely likely to arise as to its applicability in practice.
*** A refinement and modification of these views does not becomenecessary until we come to deal with the general theory of relativity,treated in the second part of this book.
SPACE AND TIME IN CLASSICAL MECHANICS
The purpose of mechanics is to describe how bodies change theirposition in space with "time." I should load my conscience with gravesins against the sacred spirit of lucidity were I to formulate theaims of mechanics in this way, without serious reflection and detailedexplanations. Let us proceed to disclose these sins.
It is not clear what is to be understood here by "position" and"space." I stand at the window of a railway carriage which istravelling uniformly, and drop a stone on the embankment, withoutthrowing it. Then, disregarding the influence of the air resistance, Isee the stone descend in a straight line. A pedestrian who observesthe misdeed from the footpath notices th
lerk, whilehis father continued to speak through the door. "He isn'twell, please believe me. Why else would Gregor have misseda train! The lad only ever thinks about the business. Itnearly makes me cross the way he never goes out in theevenings; he's been in town for a week now but stayed homeevery evening. He sits with us in the kitchen and justreads the paper or studies train timetables. His idea ofrelaxation is working with his fretsaw. He's made a littleframe, for instance, it only took him two or three evenings,you'll be amazed how nice it is; it's hanging up in hisroom; you'll see it as soon as Gregor opens the door.Anyway, I'm glad you're here; we wouldn't have been able toget Gregor to open the door by ourselves; he's so stubborn;and I'm sure he isn't well, he said this morning that he is,but he isn't."
"I'll be there in a moment", said Gregor slowly andthoughtfully, but without moving so that he would not missany word of the conversation. "Well I can't think of anyother wa
nd Baron Osborne of Kiveton, in Yorkshire; Lord High Treasurerof England, one of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council,and Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
My Lord,
The gratitude of poets is so troublesome a virtue to great men,that you are often in danger of your own benefits: for you arethreatened with some epistle, and not suffered to do good inquiet, or to compound for their silence whom you have obliged.Yet, I confess, I neither am or ought to be surprised at thisindulgence; for your lordship has the same right to favourpoetry, which the great and noble have ever had--
Carmen amat, quisquis carmine digna gerit.
There is somewhat of a tie in nature betwixt those who are bornfor worthy actions, and those who can transmit them to posterity;and though ours be much the inferior part, it comes at leastwithin the verge of alliance; nor are we unprofitable membersof the commonwealth, when we animate others to those virtues,which we copy and describe from you.
ed a glass of it in place of his breakfast and how he thentook a second glassful in order to give himself courage, the last onejust as a precaution for the unlikely chance it would be needed.
Then he was so startled by a shout to him from the other room thathe struck his teeth against the glass. "The supervisor wants to seeyou!" a voice said. It was only the shout that startled him, this curt,abrupt, military shout, that he would not have expected from thepoliceman called Franz. In itself, he found the order very welcome."At last!" he called back, locked the cupboard and, without delay,hurried into the next room. The two policemen were standing there andchased him back into his bedroom as if that were a matter of course."What d'you think you're doing?" they cried. "Think you're going to seethe supervisor dressed in just your shirt, do you? He'd see to it yougot a right thumping, and us and all!" "Let go of me for God's sake!"called K., who had already been pushed back as far as his ward
ss Cushing? We may take it that the sender of the packet is the man whom we want. But he must have some strong reason for sending Miss Cushing this packet. What reason then? It must have been to tell her that the deed was done! or to pain her, perhaps. But in that case she knows who it is. Does she know? I doubt it. If she knew, why should she call the police in? She might have buried the ears, and no one would have been the wiser. That is what she would have done if she had wished to shield the criminal. But if she does not wish to shield him she would give his name. There is a tangle here which needs straightening to." He had been talking in a high, quick voice, staring blankly up over the garden fence, but now he sprang briskly to his feet and walked towards the house.
"I have a few questions to ask Miss Cushing," said he.
"In that case I may leave you here," said Lestrade, "for I have another small business on hand. I think that I have nothing further to learn from Miss Cushing. You will fin
p>The most important of these laws is the Law of Habit. In obedience to this law, the next idea to enter the mind will be the one that has been most frequently associated with the interesting part of the subject you are now thinking of.
The sight of a pile of manuscript on your desk ready for the printer, the thought of a printer, the word "printer," spoken or printed, calls to mind the particular printer with whom you have been dealing for some years.
The word "cocoa," the thought of a cup of cocoa, the mental picture of a cup of cocoa, may conjure with it not merely a steaming cup before the mind's eye and the flavor of the contents, but also a daintily clad figure in apron and cap bearing the brand of some well-known cocoa manufacturer.
If a typist or pianist has learned one system of fingering, it is almost impossible to change, because each letter, each note on the keyboard is associated with the idea of movement in a particular finger. Constant use has so welded th
ing at thewindow where the merrymaking was, and called to him to come in; and hecould not withstand the temptation, but went in, and forgot the goldenbird and his country in the same manner.
Time passed on again, and the youngest son too wished to set out intothe wide world to seek for the golden bird; but his father would notlisten to it for a long while, for he was very fond of his son, andwas afraid that some ill luck might happen to him also, and preventhis coming back. However, at last it was agreed he should go, for hewould not rest at home; and as he came to the wood, he met the fox,and heard the same good counsel. But he was thankful to the fox, anddid not attempt his life as his brothers had done; so the fox said,'Sit upon my tail, and you will travel faster.' So he sat down, andthe fox began to run, and away they went over stock and stone so quickthat their hair whistled in the wind.
When they came to the village, the son followed the fox's counsel, andwithout looking about him w
pree on shore suffices to unfold for himthe secret of a whole continent, and generally he finds the secretnot worth knowing. The yarns of seamen have a direct simplicity,the whole meaning of which lies within the shell of a cracked nut.But Marlow was not typical (if his propensity to spin yarns beexcepted), and to him the meaning of an episode was not insidelike a kernel but outside, enveloping the tale which brought itout only as a glow brings out a haze, in the likeness of one ofthese misty halos that sometimes are made visible by the spectralillumination of moonshine.
His remark did not seem at all surprising. It was just like Marlow. It wasaccepted in silence. No one took the trouble to grunt even; and presentlyhe said, very slow--
"I was thinking of very old times, when the Romans first came here,nineteen hundred years ago--the other day. . . . Light cameout of this river since--you say Knights? Yes; but it is like arunning blaze on a plain, like a flash of lightning in the clou