A Conchological Manual by George Brettingham Sowerby (early reader books .txt) 📖
- Author: George Brettingham Sowerby
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which breath water, marine or fresh-water molluscs. Fig. 227 to 263.
Class CIRRIPEDES.pg. 2
GASTRANEA. Schum.? CORBULA, Auct.
GASTROCHÆNA. Speng. ([Greek: Gastêr], _gaster_, belly; [Greek: chaino],
_chaino_, gape.) _Fam._ Pholadaria, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._
Equivalve, regular, inequilateral, with a wide, oblique, ventral
hiatus, enclosed in a curved pyriform tube. Differing from Galeomma in
being a free, oblique shell; from Fistulana, in the oval shape of the
valves, and the curve of the tube; from Aspergillum and Clavagella, in
both valves being free.--_Obs._ The Gastrochænæ are found in the
hollows of massive shells or other marine substances. Fig. 62, G.
Modiolina.
GASTROPLAX. Bl. UMBRELLA, Lam. De Blainville described this genus from
a specimen in which the shell had been, probably by accident, placed
upon the under part of the animal, and not discovering his error until
afterwards, gave it the above name.
GEOMITRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Geotrochus, Sw. founded on a trochiform
species of Helix, with coronated nodules on the whorls. Helix
bicarinata, Sow. Zool. Journ. 1, pl. 3, fig. 7. Sw. page 166 and 332.
GEOPHONUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. t. 1, p. 19. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.
GEOTROCHUS. Sw. HELIX pileus, Auct. (fig. 278,) and other trochiform
species. Divided into the sub-genera Pithohelix, Geotrochus,
Hemitrochus, Gonidormus, and Geomitra. Sw. p. 165 and 166, described at
page 331.
GEOVULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melampus (Auricula), consisting of oval
species, resembling Auricula Midæ, fig. 297.
GERVILLIA. Defr. _Fam._ Margaritacea, Bl. Malleacea, Lam.--_Descr._
Equivalve, oblong, oblique; hinge long, straight, having small,
irregular, transverse ligamentary pits.--_Obs._ This genus of fossil
shells, found at various geological periods, from the Lias to the
Baculite limestone in Normandy, is now extinct. In general form it
resembles Avicula, but in the hinge it approaches Perna. Fig. 169, G.
Avicularis.
GIBERULA. Sw. A genus separated from MARGINELLA, Auct. and thus
described, "sub-oval; spire slightly prominent; top of the outer lip
dilated and gibbous; base of the inner lip with plaits; inner lip
broad, spreading. G. Zonata. Enc. Méth. 374, f. 6."
GIBBOSE or GIBBOUS. (_Gibbosus._) Bunched out, embossed, having a lump
or swelling of any kind. _Ex._ Bulinus Lyonetianus, (fig. 284.) named
Gibbus by De Montfort. Ovulum gibbosum.
GIBBUS. Montf. BULINUS _Lyonetianus_, Lam. PUPA, Bl. fig. 284.
GIOENIA. A name given in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, to the plates of
the stomach of Bulla Lignaria.
GLABELLA. Sw. MARGINELLA Glabella (fig. 437), Goodallii, Auct. and
similar species.
GLANDINA. Schum. POLYPHEMUS, Montf.
GLANDIOLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
GLAUCONOME. Gray. _Fam._ Solenacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong or oval,
transverse, slightly ventricose, equivalve, inequilateral; margins
close, rounded anteriorly, somewhat acuminated posteriorly; hinge
teeth, three in each valve, of which the central in one, and the
posterior in the other, are bifid; muscular impressions anterior,
elongated, marginal; posterior sub-quadrate; palleal impression, having
a long sinus; ligament oblong, external; epidermis thin, horny, green,
folded over the margins.--_Obs._ This shell, of which only one species
is known, inhabits some of the rivers in China. C. Chinensis, fig. 64.
GLOBIGENERA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
GLOBOSE. (_Globosus._) Rounded like a globe or ball, as the species of
Helix, represented in fig. 268.
GLOBULARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Natica, consisting of globose species.
(Sw. p. 345.) _Ex._ N. Lineata, fig. 328.
GLOBULUS. Sow. Min. Con. AMPULLARIA, Auct.
GLYCIMERIS. Lam. _Fam._ Solenacea, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._
Equivalve, transverse, oblong, thick, compressed, gaping at both
extremities; hinge callous, without teeth; ligament large, external,
prominent; epidermis thick, black, horny, folded over the margins;
muscular impressions two, distant, running into the irregular palleal
impression which unites them.--_Obs._ But few species of this singular
genus are known; Lamarck describes two species from the Northern Seas.
Blainville is of opinion that they belong to the family of the Nayades.
Fig. 67, G. Siliqua.
GNATHODON. Gray. ([Greek: Gnathos], _gnathos_, jaw-bone; [Greek: odos],
[Greek: odontos], _odontos_, tooth.) _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam.--_Descr._
Ovate, posteriorly angulated, equivalve, thick, ventricose,
inequilateral, covered with a greenish brown epidermis; umbo distant,
prominent; hinge having in one valve a sharp, angular, notched,
cardinal tooth, and two lateral teeth, the posterior of which is
elongated, and the anterior angulated, tortuous, shaped like a
jaw-bone; in the other valve, two cardinal and two lateral teeth, the
anterior of which is wedge-shaped; ligament internal, cuneiform, placed
in a deep cardinal pit proceeding from the umbones; muscular
impressions two; palleal impression having a slight sinus.--_Obs._ Only
one species is known, G. cuneatus, fig. 83, from New Orleans. It is
known from all other shells by the character of the hinge.
GONIATITES. De Haan. A genus composed of species of Ammonites, Auct. in
which the last whorl covers the spire and the sinuations of the septa
are angulated. Fig. 480, G. striatus.
GONIDOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Geotrochus, Sw. PUPA pagodus, Auct. Sw.
332.
GONIOSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of Bulimus, thus described, "spire
elongated, of few whorls; aperture contracted at each end; lips
margined; the pillar curving inwards; the base slightly notched. G.
erubescens, _Sw._ Zool. Journ. i. pl. 5, f. 2." Sw. p. 335.
GONIOSTOMATÆ. Bl. A family belonging to the order Asiphonibranchiata,
Bl. containing the genera Solarium and Trochus.
GONOSPIRA. Sw. A sub-genus of Pupa, thus described, "spire perfectly
cylindrical, of equal thickness, the tip obtuse, with the whorls large;
aperture oval; lips thickened; pillar with or without a plait. G.
polanga, _Desh._ Lesson, Voy. pl. 8, f. 8." Sw. p. 333.
GRANULATED. (_Granum_, a grain.) Covered with minute grains, rough. The
granulated lip of Oniscia, (fig. 409) will serve as an example.
GRATELOUPIA. Moulins. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve,
inequilateral, sub-cuneiform, rounded anteriorly, sub-rostrated
posteriorly; hinge with three cardinal teeth, a series of five or six
irregular, small, diverging teeth behind the umbones, and one lateral
anterior tooth in each valve; ligament external; muscular impressions
two; palleal impression sinuated posteriorly.--_Obs._ This genus (Donax
irregularis, Bast.) is only known in a fossil state. Fig. 102, G.
Moulinsii.
GRYPHÆA. Lam. (From Gryps, a griffin.) _Fam._ Ostracea, Lam.--_Descr._
Inequivalve, free; lower valve large, concave; with the umbo prominent,
incurved; upper valve small, flat, opercular; hinge toothless, with a
curved, depressed area; one muscular impression.--_Obs_. These shells,
which approach the Oysters, are of a more regular form, and are
remarkable for the curved, produced beak of the lower valve. They are
only known in a fossil state, belonging to the more ancient strata.
Fig. 182, G. incurva. The recent species mentioned by Lamarck is not a
true Gryphæa.
GYMNOLEPAS. A generic name used by De Blainville to include OTION and
CINERAS, Leach.
GYMNOSOMATA. Bl. The second family of the order Aporobranchiata, in the
system of De Blainville. The animals belonging to this family are
destitute of shells.
GYPIDEA. Dalman. A genus of Brachiopoda, thus described, "Larger valve
with the umbo rostrated, remote from the hinge; with the canal large,
deltoid; bilocular within." PENTAMERUS, Sow. Fig. 210. 211, G.
Conchidium, copied from Dalman.
GYROGONA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
GYROIDINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
HALIOTIDÆ. Sw. A sub-genus of Calyptræa. CALYPTRÆA dilatata. Sowerby's
Genera of Shells, fig. 9.
HALIOTIS. Auct. ([Greek: als], _als_, sea; [Greek: ous], [Greek: ôtos],
_otos_, ear.) _Fam._ Macrostomata, Lam. Otides, Bl.--_Descr._ Auriform,
broad, depressed, pearly within, rough, costated, tuberculated without;
spire short, flat, consisting of one or two whorls; aperture wide;
ovate; columella laminar, flat, oblique; a spiral series of
perforations running along the dorsal margin.--_Obs._ The splendid
shells belonging to this genus are remarkable for the pearly
iridescence of the inner surface, and the row of holes following the
course of the spire. The soft parts are eaten in Guernsey and Jersey,
and reckoned delicious. They belong to temperate and tropical climates.
Fig. 338, H. rubra. 339, Padollus, Montf.
HALIOTOID. (_Haliotis_ and [Greek: eidos], _eidos_, form.) Ear-shaped.
HAMIFORM. (_Hamus_, a hook.) Curved at the extremity.
HAMITES. Parkinson. (_Hamus_, a hook.) _Fam._ Ammonacea, Lam.--_Descr._
Elongated, cylindrical, chambered, recurved at the smaller extremity,
annulated; septa lobed and sinuated.--_Obs_. This remarkable fossil
from the Baculite limestone in Normandy, differs from Baculites in
being curved at one extremity, a circumstance from which its name is
derived. Some small species are found in Chalk-Marle, Folkstone. Fig.
484*. H. cylindricus.
HARPA. Brug. (_Harpa_, a harp.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata,
Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, ventricose, longitudinally and regularly costated;
spire short, with rounded, dome-like whorls; aperture wide,
emarginated; outer lip thickened, reflected, composing the last costa
or rib; inner lip polished, spread over part of the body whorl,
terminating in a point.--_Obs._ This beautiful genus of shells is so
clearly defined by the regular, longitudinal ribs that adorn the
external surface, suggesting the idea of a stringed instrument, that
there is no danger of confounding it with any other. H. multicostata,
(Buccinum costatum, Linn.) and H. ventricosa, are among the most
elegant of the testaceous productions of the sea both in form and
colouring; the former is rare. The recent species are not numerous,
they inhabit the Indian Ocean. A fossil species occurs at Grignon, near
Paris. Fig. 419, H. ventricosa.
HARPAX. Parkinson. Part of PLICATULA, Auct.
HARPULA. Sw. A group of shells separated from VOLUTA, Auct. thus
described, "shell generally tuberculated or longitudinally ribbed; apex
of the spire papillary, smooth, and in general distorted; pillar with
numerous distinct plaits; the upper, small and slender, the lower,
thickest and shortest."--_Type_, H. Vexillum. (Voluta, Auct.)
HAUSTATOR. Montf. A genus proposed to include those species of
TURRITELLA, Auct. which have angulated whorls.
HAUSTELLARIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Murex, consisting of species with long
canal and no spines. Murex Haustellum, fig. 396.
HAUSTRUM. Humph. PURPURA, Lamarck.
HELCION. Montfort. A genus composed of species of Patella, which have
the apex distinctly and prominently bent forwards. _Ex._ P. pellucida,
fig. 230.
HELENIS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
HELICELLA. Fer. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferussac has
divided the genus Helix, consisting of depressed species with large
umbilicus, such as Helix Algira, fig. 279. Gonites Montf.
HELICIFORM. Shaped like shells of the genus Helix.
HELICIGONA. One of De Ferussac's sub-genera of the genus HELIX,
consisting of angulated species, such as Carocolla Lamarckii, fig. 277.
HELICINA. Lam. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Ellipsostomata, Bl.--_Descr._
Globose, compressed, or angulated, generally light and thin; aperture
trigonal or semilunar; outer lip thickened and generally more or less
reflected; inner lip spread over the body whorl, frequently callous
near the columella, which is short, and terminates in a notch, angle,
or slight callosity.--_Obs._ This genus of land shells, distinguished
from the genus Helix, by having an operculum and a thickened columellar
lip, differs also from Cyclostoma in having the aperture semicircular
or angular, the peritreme discontinuous and the operculum concentric.
These shells are generally small in size, and simple in form. Lamarck
describes only three or four species. Mr. Gray described some others in
the Zoological Journal, and in a work shortly to be published by the
author, a monograph of the genus will contain descriptions and figures
of at least 60 distinct species; some of which have been lately brought
to this country by Mr. Cuming from the Philippine Islands. They mostly
belong to tropical climates.
HELICITES. Bl. Part of the genus NUMMULITES, Lam. ROTALITES and EGEON,
Montf.
HELICOGENA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, consisting of species, which,
like the common garden snail, fig. 268, are globose and simple in form.
HELICOLIMAX. Fer. VITRINA, Drap. H. Pellucida, fig. 263.
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