A Conchological Manual by George Brettingham Sowerby (early reader books .txt) 📖
- Author: George Brettingham Sowerby
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CREPIDULINA. Bl. CRISTELLARIA, Lam. Microscopic.
CRESEIS. Ranz. _Order_, Pteropoda, Lam.--_Descr._ Thin, fragile,
transparent, pyramidal, pointed; with a dorsal ridge produced into a
point at the edge of the aperture.--_Obs._ The species found in the
Mediterranean is named C. Spinifera (fig. 222), from its resemblance to
a thorn.
CREUSIA. Leach. (_Creux_, se. Fr. a cavity.) _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl.
_Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ A depressed cone,
consisting of four valves, supported upon, and jointed to, a cup-shaped
cavity formed in the Madrepores, in which it resides. Aperture
quadrilateral, closed by an operculum of four valves.--_Obs._ This
genus is distinguished from Pyrgoma, which is supported on the edge of
a similar cup-shaped cavity, by the paries being composed of four
valves, whereas in Pyrgoma, it consists of a single piece. Fig. 28, C.
Gregaria. East Indies.
CRICOSTOMATA. Bl. The second family of Asiphonibranchiata, Bl. It is
thus described: "shell equally (with the animal) variable in general
form, but of which the aperture, always nearly round, is completely
closed by the shelly or horny operculum; whorls few, and apex
sublateral." This family agrees in some measure with the family
Turbinacea of Lamarck, and with the genus Turbo in the system of
Linnæus. It contains the genera Pleurotomaria, Delphinula, Turritella,
Proto, Scalaria, Vermetus, Siliquaria, Magilus, Valvata, Cyclostoma,
and Paludina.
CRIOCERATITES. A genus composed of species of Ammonites, with
disconnected whorls. C. Duvallii, fig. 482.
CRIOPUS. Poli. CRANIA, Auct.
CRISTACEA. Lam. The third family of Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Lam.
This family is described as including shells of the following
characters:--"Multilocular, flattened, nearly reniform; the chambers
gradually increasing in length, as they approach the outer arched
margin, and appearing to revolve round an eccentric, more or less
marginal axis. The Cristacea contain the genera Renulina, Cristellaria,
and Orbiculina."
CRISTACEA. Bl. The third family of Polythalamia, Bl. containing the
genera Crepidulina, (Cristellaria, Lam.) Oreas and Linthuris.
CRISTARIA. Schum. DIPSAS Plicatus, Leach. ANODON tuberculatus, Fer.
CRISTELLARIA. Lam. CREPIDULINA, Bl. _Fam._ Cristacea, Lam. and
Bl.--_Descr._ Semidiscoidal, chambered; whorls contiguous, enlarging
progressively; spire eccentric, sublateral; septa imperforate.
Microscopic.
CRYPTA. Humph. CREPIDULA, Lam.
CRYPTELLA. Webb. ([Greek: Kruptô], to conceal.) TESTACELLUS Ambiguus of
Ferrusac. Published in Sowerby's Genera of Shells as PARMACELLA
calyculata.--_Descr._ A small patelliform shell, with a very short
papillary spire; and the aperture irregularly expanded. Fig. 256.
Canary Islands.
CRYPTOCONCHUS. Bl. A genus composed of species of Chiton, the valves of
which are covered by the integument, as Chiton porosus of Burrows. Ch.
amiculatus of Pallas.
CRYPTODIBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of the class Cephalophora, Bl.
containing families of molluscous animals destitute of shells.
CRYPTOSTOMA. Bl. Differs from SIGARETUS, Lam. principally in the soft
parts of the animal. De Blainville remarks that he is acquainted with
only two species (from the Indies), which he can with decision refer to
the genus, but he thinks that many of the Lamarckian Sigareti may very
probably be found to belong to it, as soon as the soft parts shall be
known. The species which he figures is Cryptostoma Leachii. (Manuel de
Malacologie, pl. 42. fig. 3.)
CTENOCONCHA. Gray. Described as having many characters in common with
the Solens, the teeth like Nucula, but the cartilage entirely external.
SOLENELLA, Sow.?
CUCULLÆA. Lam. (_Cucullus_, a hood.) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam.--_Descr._
Sub-quadrate, nearly equivalve, sub-equilateral, deep; hinge
rectilinear, with a series of angular teeth, small near the umbones,
larger and more oblique towards the extremities; umbones separated by a
flat external area, on which the ligament is spread. Anterior muscular
impression produced into a sharp-edged plate or ledge, projecting from
the side of the shell. Posterior muscular impression flat and
indistinct.--_Obs._ This genus very much resembles Arca in general
form, but differs in the oblique, lengthened character of the remote
teeth, and in the singularly prominent edge of the muscular impression.
China. Fig. 133, C. Auriculifera.
CUCUMIS. Klein. MARGINELLA, Auct.
CULTELLUS. Species of LUTRARIA, Lam. which have the umbones placed near
the extremity of the shell. _Ex._ L. Solenoides, fig. 78.
CUMA. Humph. FUSUS and FASCIOLARIA, Lam.
CUMINGIA. Sow. _Fam._ Mactracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve,
inequilateral, transverse, rounded anteriorly, subrostrated
posteriorly. Hinge with a central spoon-shaped cavity in each valve,
containing the cartilage; a very small anterior cardinal tooth in each
valve; two lateral teeth in one valve, none in the other: muscular
impressions two in each valve, distant; palleal impression with a very
large posterior sinus.--_Obs._ The species known at present are found
in sand, in the fissures of rocks in Tropical climates. They resemble
Erycina in general form and character, but differ in having the
internal cartilage placed in a prominent spoon-shaped process, while
that of Erycina is contained in a hollow which sinks under the umbones.
This genus should be placed near Amphidesma. Cumingia mutica, fig. 87.
CUNEIFORM. (_Cuneus_, a wedge.) Wedge-shaped, as Donax, fig. 108.
CUNEUS. Megerle. VENUS Meroe, Linn. and similar species.
CUNICULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Uniones, thus described:--"Ovate, oblong;
bosses thick, but depressed; cardinal teeth moderate. C. planulata,
patula, rubiginosa, secura, purpurascens."
CURVED. Arched or bent. _Ex._ Dentalium, fig. 2.
CURVULA. Rafinesque. A fossil imperfectly described as differing from
Pinna, in being inequivalve.
CUVIERIA. Ranz. (Baron Cuvier.) _Class_, Pteropoda, Lam.--_Descr._
Thin, transparent, glassy, cylindrical, rounded and inflated at the
closed extremity, compressed towards the opening, so as to render it
oval. This genus differs from Vaginula in being rounded, instead of
pointed, at the lower extremity. Mediterranean. Fig. 223, C. Columella.
CYCLAS. Brug. _Fam._ Conques Fluviatiles, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._
Orbicular, thin, subovate, ventricose, sub-equilateral, equivalve;
cardinal teeth minute, one more or less complicated in the left valve,
two diverging in the right; lateral teeth elongated, compressed,
laminar, acute, doubled in the left valve; ligament external; epidermis
thin, horny.--_Obs._ The Cyclades are viviparous, and abound in
ditches, ponds, slow streams, &c. in Europe and North America. The
genus Pisidium has been separated on account of a difference in the
animal, and may be known from Cyclas by being less equilateral, and the
anterior side being the longest. Fig. 111, C. Rivicola.
CYCLOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The third order of the second section of
Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. containing no genera of Testaceous
Mollusca.
CYCLOCANTHA. Sw. A genus of "Trochidæ," consisting of Turbo stellaris
and T. Calcar, and corresponding with the genus Calcar, Montf.
CYCLONASSA. Sw. A genus of "Nassinæ," Sw. consisting of Nassa
Neritoidea, and corresponding with the genus Cyclops, Montf.
CYCLOPHORUS. Montf. A generic name proposed for those species of
Cyclostoma, Auct. which have an umbilicus. C. Involvulus, fig. 304,
would be the type of this genus.
CYCLOPS. Montf. NASSA Neritoidea, Auct. fig. 424.
CYCLOSTOMA. Auct. ([Greek: kuklos], _cyclos_, round; [Greek: stoma],
_stoma_, mouth.) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl. A genus of
land shells varying in shape from that of Pupa to that of a flat orb;
the aperture is generally circular and the peritreme uninterrupted,
thickened and sometimes reflected, the operculum is shelly and spiral.
Two other genera of land shells are provided with opercula, and
consequently might be confounded with this genus. In Helicina, the
operculum is concentric and the peritreme is not continuous; while in
the small genus hitherto almost unknown of Pupina, the peritreme is not
continuous and there is a glassy enamel over the whole of the external
surface. In the plates we have represented, C. ferrugineum, fig. 303;
involvulus, fig. 304.
CYCLOTUS. Guild. A sub-genus of Cyclostoma, consisting of those species
which are discoidal, as C. Planorbulum. Fig. 530.
CYLINDER. Montf. CONUS textile, Auct. (fig. 461) and other species
having a cylindrical form.
CYLINDRELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Ovulinæ," Sw. composed of
cylindrical species of Ovulum? The wood-cut illustrating this genus has
the appearance of a Bulla.
CYLINDRICAL. ([Greek: kulindros], a cylinder.) This like other
mathematical terms is used with great latitude by Conchologists, and
applied to any shell the sides of which are nearly parallel, with the
extremities either rounded, flat, or conical. _Ex._ Oliva, fig. 457.
CYLLENE. Gray. _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, thick, with a
short acute spire; an oval aperture terminating anteriorly in a slight
emargination, posteriorly in a short canal; a fold at the lower end of
the body whorl; outer lip thick, striated within; angle of the whorls
tuberculated.--_Obs._ This genus of small marine shells resembles
Voluta in general character, but differs in having a smooth columella
without folds. Recent, Pacific Ocean; Fosil, London clay. Fig. 425.
CYMBA. Brod. (_Cymba_, a boat or skiff.) _Fam._ Columellaria,
Lam.--_Descr._ Smooth, ventricose, with a very short, mammillated, rude
spire; and a very large, wide aperture, terminated anteriorly in a deep
emargination; posteriorly in a flat ledge, which separates the outer
lip from the body whorl; columella with three or four oblique, laminar,
projecting folds, terminating in a point; outer lip thin, with its edge
sharp; epidermis smooth, brown, covered partly or entirely by the
glassy enamel, which, commencing with the outer lip, spreads over the
body of the shell.--_Obs._ These very elegant shells, found in Africa,
are distinguished from the true Volutes by the shapeless, mammillated
apex of the short spire, by the large size of the aperture, and by the
horizontal ledge which separates the outer lip from the body whorl. The
genus Melo, also separated by Mr. Broderip from the Volutes, agrees
with Cymba in some respects, but differs in the regularity of the
spire. Fig. 434, C. Porcina.
CYMBIOLA. Sw. The generic name for a group of Volutes, described as
"armed with spinous tubercules, sometimes smooth, but never ribbed;
spiral whorls gradually diminishing in size, but not distorted; apex
thick and obtuse; pillar with four plaits." Mr. Swainson remarks that
this genus is chiefly distinguished by the obtuse, but not irregular
spire. The typical species are stated to be V. Rutila and V.
Vespertilio, fig. 433. Tropical.
CYMBULIA. (Dim. from _Cymba_.) _Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam. An extremely
light, cartilaginous covering of a molluscous animal, so named from its
similarity in shape to a boat. We mention it here on account of its
similarity to the shelly or glassy covering of other Pteropods, to
which, although membranaceous, it is evidently analogous. The Cymbuliæ
are found in the Mediterranean.
CYPRÆA. Auct. _Fam._ Enroulées, Lam. Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval
or oblong, ventricose, convolute, covered by an enamel, generally
smooth and shining. Spire short, nearly hid. Aperture long, narrow,
terminating in a short canal at both extremities. Outer lip dentated,
thickened, inflected. Inner lip dentated, thickened, reflected over
part of the body whorl.--_Obs._ These shells are so distinguished by
the two rows of teeth arranged on each side of the aperture; the
thickened front formed by the inner and outer lips; and the enamel
deposited over the back of the shell from the mantle of the animal
which envelopes it, that there is no danger of confounding them with
any other genus, except in a young state. Before they have arrived at
the full growth, the front is not thickened, and the outer lip is thin,
not inflected, nor are the teeth formed. In this state the shell
resembles, in some degree, an Oliva. Some species are striated, ribbed,
or tuberculated, but the generality are smooth. Most species belong to
tropical climates, only one to Great Britain. The C. Moneta is current
as money in some parts of Africa, and many species are worn as
ornaments by the South Sea Islanders. The colouring in most species is
exceedingly rich, and arranged in every variety of spots, patches,
rings, lines, bands and clouds. The species most esteemed by collectors
are C. Mappa, C. Testudinaria, C. Pustulata, C. Aurora, C. Princeps, of
which only two specimens are known, C. Leucodon, &c. See also
Cypræovulum, Trivea and Luponia. The fossil species are principally
from the Calc-grossier, the London Clay, Crag, &c. Fig. 445 to 450. The
latest revision of this genus has been effected by Mr. G. B. Sowerby,
sen., who has published a complete catalogue in his son's Conchological
Illustrations. This catalogue enumerates 130 species, the whole of
which are figured in parts 1 to 8, 101 to 131 of the above mentioned
work.
CYPRÆCASSIS. Stutch. (Cypræa and Cassis.)--_Descr._ Shell, when young,
striated,
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