Mutual Aid Peter Kropotkin (ebook reader 7 inch TXT) đ
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- Author: Peter Kropotkin
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âChacun sâen est accommodĂ© selon sa biensĂ©anceâ ââ ⊠on les a partagĂ©sâ ââ ⊠pour dĂ©pouiller les communes, on sâest servi de dettes simulĂ©esâ (Edict of Louis XIV, of 1667, quoted by several authors. Eight years before that date the communes had been taken under State management). â©
âOn a great landlordâs estate, even if he has millions of revenue, you are sure to find the land uncultivatedâ (Arthur Young). âOne-fourth part of the soil went out of culture;â âfor the last hundred years the land has returned to a savage state;â âthe formerly flourishing Sologne is now a big marsh;â and so on (ThĂ©ron de MontaugĂ©, quoted by Taine in Origines de la France Contemporaine, tome i, p. 441). â©
A. Babeau, Le Village sous lâAncien RĂ©gime, 3e Ă©dition. Paris, 1892. â©
In Eastern France the law only confirmed what the peasants had already done themselves. See my work, The Great French Revolution, chaps. xlvii and xlviii, London (Heinemann), 1909. â©
After the triumph of the middle-class reaction the communal lands were declared (August 24, 1794) the States domains, and, together with the lands confiscated from the nobility, were put up for sale, and pilfered by the bandes noires of the small bourgeoisie. True that a stop to this pilfering was put next year (law of 2 Prairial, An V), and the preceding law was abrogated; but then the village Communities were simply abolished, and cantonal councils were introduced instead. Only seven years later (9 Prairial, An XII), i.e. in 1801, the village communities were reintroduced, but not until after having been deprived of all their rights, the mayor and syndics being nominated by the Government in the 36,000 communes of France! This system was maintained till after the revolution of 1830, when elected communal councils were reintroduced under the law of 1787. As to the communal lands, they were again seized upon by the State in 1813, plundered as such, and only partly restored to the communes in 1816. See the classical collection of French laws, by Dalloz, RĂ©pertoire de Jurisprudence; also the works of Doniol, Dareste, Bonnemere, Babeau, and many others. â©
This procedure is so absurd that one would not believe it possible if the fifty-two different acts were not enumerated in full by a quite authoritative writer in the Journal des Economistes (1893, April, p. 94), and several similar examples were not given by the same author. â©
Dr. Ochenkowski, Englands wirthschaftliche Entwickelung im Ausgange des Mittelalters (Jena, 1879), pp. 35 seq., where the whole question is discussed with full knowledge of the texts. â©
Nasse, Ăber die mittelalterliche Feldgemeinschaft und die Einhegungen des XVI. Jahrhunderts in England (Bonn, 1869), pp. 4, 5; Vinogradov, Villainage in England (Oxford, 1892). â©
Fr. Seebohm, The English Village Community, 3rd ed., 1884, pp. 13â ââ 15. â©
âAn examination into the details of an Enclosure Act will make clear the point that the system as above described [communal ownership] is the system which it was the object of the Enclosure Act to removeâ (Seebohm, The English Village Community, 3rd ed., 1884, p. 13). And further on, âThey were generally drawn in the same form, commencing with the recital that the open and common fields lie dispersed in small pieces, intermixed with each other and inconveniently situated; that diverse persons own parts of them, and are entitled to rights of common on themâ ââ ⊠and that it is desired that they may be divided and enclosed, a specific share being let out and allowed to each ownerâ (p. 14). Porterâs list contained 3,867 such Acts, of which the greatest numbers fall upon the decades of 1770â ââ 1780 and 1800â ââ 1820, as in France. â©
In Switzerland we see a number of communes, ruined by wars, which have sold part of their lands, and now endeavour to buy them back. â©
A. Buchenberger, âAgrarwesen und Agrarpolitik,â in A. Wagnerâs Handbuch der politischen Oekonomie, 1892, Band i, pp. 280 seq. â©
G. L. Gomme, âThe Village Community, with special reference to its Origin and Forms of Survival in Great Britainâ (Contemporary Science Series), London, 1890, pp. 141â ââ 143; also his Primitive Folkmoots (London, 1880), pp. 98 seq. â©
âIn almost all parts of the country, in the Midland and Eastern counties particularly, but also in the westâ âin Wiltshire, for exampleâ âin the south, as in Surrey, in the north, as in Yorkshireâ âthere are extensive open and common fields. Out of 316 parishes of Northamptonshire 89 are in this condition; more than 100 in Oxfordshire; about 50,000 acres in Warwickshire; in Berkshire half the county; more than half of Wiltshire; in Huntingdonshire out of a total area of 240,000 acres 130,000 were commonable meadows, commons, and fieldsâ (Marshall, quoted in Sir Henry Maineâs Village Communities in the East and West, New York edition, 1876, pp. 88, 89). See also Dr. G. Slaterâs The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields, London, 1907. â©
Ibid. p. 88; also Fifth Lecture. â©
In quite a number of books dealing with English country life which I have consulted I have found charming descriptions of country scenery and the like, but almost nothing about the daily life and customs of the labourers.
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