Mutual Aid Peter Kropotkin (ebook reader 7 inch TXT) đ
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- Author: Peter Kropotkin
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Samuel Plimsoll, Our Seamen, cheap edition, London, 1870, p. 110. â©
Our Seamen, u.s., p. 110. Mr. Plimsoll added: âI donât wish to disparage the rich, but I think it may be reasonably doubted whether these qualities are so fully developed in them; for, notwithstanding that not a few of them are not unacquainted with the claims, reasonable or unreasonable, of poor relatives, these qualities are not in such constant exercise. Riches seem in so many cases to smother the manliness of their possessors, and their sympathies become, not so much narrowed asâ âso to speakâ âstratified: they are reserved for the sufferings of their own class, and also the woes of those above them. They seldom tend downwards much, and they are far more likely to admire an act of courageâ ââ ⊠than to admire the constantly exercised fortitude and the tenderness which are the daily characteristics of a British workmanâs lifeââ âand of the workmen all over the world as well. â©
Life of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, by Edwin Hodder, vol. i, pp. 137â ââ 138. â©
See Marriage Customs in Many Lands, by H. N. Hutchinson, London, 1897. â©
Many new and interesting forms of these have been collected by Wilhelm Rudeck, Geschichte der öffentlichen Sittlichkeit in Deutschland, analyzed by Durckheim in Annuaire Sociologique, ii, 312. â©
A Servio Tullio populus romanus relatus in censum, digestus in classes, curiis atque collegiis distributus (E. Martin-Saint LĂ©on, Histoire des corporations de mĂ©tiers depuis leurs origines jusquâĂ leur suppression en 1791, etc., Paris, 1897). â©
The Roman sodalitia, so far as we may judge (E. Martin-Saint LĂ©on, Histoire des corporations de mĂ©tiers depuis leurs origines jusquâĂ leur suppression en 1791, etc., Paris, 1897, p. 9), corresponded to the Kabyle çofs. â©
It is striking to see how distinctly this very idea is expressed in the well-known passage of Plutarch concerning Numaâs legislation of the trade-colleges:â ââAnd through this,â Plutarch wrote, âhe was the first to banish from the city this spirit which led people to say: âI am a Sabine,â or âI am a Roman,â or âI am a subject of Tatius,â and another: âI am a subject of Romulusââââ âto exclude, in other words, the idea of different descent. â©
The work of H. Schurtz, devoted to the âage-classesâ and the secret menâs unions during the barbarian stases of civilization (Altersklassen und MĂ€nnerverbĂ€nde: eine Darstellung der Grundformen der Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1902), which reaches me while I am reading the proofs of these pages, contains numbers of facts in support of the above hypothesis concerning the origin of guilds. The art of building a large communal house, so as not to offend the spirits of the fallen trees; the art of forging metals, so as to conciliate the hostile spirits; the secrets of hunting and of the ceremonies and mask-dances which render it successful; the art of teaching savage arts to boys; the secret ways of warding off the witchcraft of enemies and, consequently, the art of warfare; the making of boats, of nets for fishing, of traps for animals, and of snares for birds, and finally the womenâs arts of weaving and dyeingâ âall these were in olden times as many âartificesâ and âcrafts,â which required secrecy for being effective. Consequently, they were transmitted from the earliest times, in secret societies, or âmysteries,â to those only who had undergone a painful initiation. H. Schurtz shows now that savage life is honeycombed with secret societies and âclubsâ (of warriors, of hunters), which have as ancient an origin as the marriage âclassesâ in the clans, and contain already all the elements of the future guild: secrecy, independence from the family and sometimes the clan, common worship of special gods, common meals, jurisdiction within the society and brotherhood. The forge and the boathouse are, in fact, usual dependencies of the menâs clubs; and the âlong housesâ or âpalaversâ are built by special craftsmen who know how to conjure the spirits of the fallen trees. â©
ColophonMutual Aid
was published in 1902 by
Peter Kropotkin.
Weijia Cheng
sponsored the production of this ebook for
Standard Ebooks.
It was produced by
Alex Cabal,
and is based on a transcription produced in 2003 by
Charles Aldarondo
for
Project Gutenberg
and on digital scans available at
Google Books.
The cover page is adapted from
Flock of Geese,
a painting completed in 1883 by
Elizabeth Nourse.
The cover and title pages feature the
League Spartan and Sorts Mill Goudy
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