Mutual Aid Peter Kropotkin (ebook reader 7 inch TXT) đ
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The chief works on the artĂ©ls are named in the article âRussiaâ of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition, p. 84. â©
See, for instance, the texts of the Cambridge guilds given by Toulmin Smith (English Guilds, London, 1870, pp. 274â ââ 276), from which it appears that the âgenerall and principall dayâ was the âeleccioun day;â or, Ch. M. Clodeâs The Early History of the Guild of the Merchant Taylors, London, 1888, i, 45; and so on. For the renewal of allegiance, see the Jomsviking saga, mentioned in Pappenheimâs AltdĂ€nische Schutzgilden, Breslau, 1885, p. 67. It appears very probable that when the guilds began to be prosecuted, many of them inscribed in their statutes the meal day only, or their pious duties, and only alluded to the judicial function of the guild in vague words; but this function did not disappear till a very much later time. The question, âWho will be my judge?â has no meaning now, since the State has appropriated for its bureaucracy the organization of justice; but it was of primordial importance in medieval times, the more so as self-jurisdiction meant self-administration. It must also be remarked that the translation of the Saxon and Danish âguild-bretheren,â or âbrodre,â by the Latin convivii must also have contributed to the above confusion. â©
See the excellent remarks upon the frith guild by J. R. Green and Mrs. Green in The Conquest of England, London, 1883, pp. 229â ââ 230. â©
See Appendix X. â©
Recueil des ordonnances des rois de France, t. xii, 562; quoted by Aug. Thierry in ConsidĂ©rations sur lâhistoire de France, p. 196, ed. 12mo. â©
A. Luchaire, Les Communes françaises, pp, 45â ââ 46. â©
Guilbert de Nogent, De vita sua, quoted by Luchaire, Les Communes françaises, p. 14. â©
Lebret, Histoire de Venise, i, 393; also Marin, quoted by Leo and Botta in Histoire de lâItalie, French edition, 1844, t. i, 500. â©
Dr. W. Arnold, Verfassungsgeschichte der deutschen FreistĂ€dte, 1854, Bd. ii, 227 seq.; Ennen, Geschichte der Stadt Köln, Bd. i, 228â ââ 229; also the documents published by Ennen and Eckert. â©
Conquest of England, 1883, p. 453. â©
Byelaeff, Russian History, vols. ii and iii. â©
W. Gramich, Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsgeschichte der Stadt WĂŒrzburg im 13. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert, WĂŒrzburg, 1882, p. 34. â©
When a boat brought a cargo of coal to WĂŒrzburg, coal could only be sold in retail during the first eight days, each family being entitled to no more than fifty basketfuls. The remaining cargo could be sold wholesale, but the retailer was allowed to raise a zittlicher profit only, the unzittlicher, or dishonest profit, being strictly forbidden (Gramich, Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsgeschichte der Stadt WĂŒrzburg im 13. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert, WĂŒrzburg, 1882). Same in London (Liber albus, quoted by Ochenkowski, p. 161), and, in fact, everywhere. â©
See Fagniez, Ătudes sur lâindustrie et la classe industrielle Ă Paris au XIIIme et XIVme siĂšcle, Paris, 1877, pp. 155 seq. It hardly need be added that the tax on bread, and on beer as well, was settled after careful experiments as to the quantity of bread and beer which could be obtained from a given amount of corn. The Amiens archives contain the minutes of such experiences (A. de Calonne, Vie Municipale pp. 77, 93). Also those of London (Ochenkowski, Englandâs wirthschaftliche Entwickelung, etc., Jena, 1879, p. 165). â©
Ch. Gross, The Guild Merchant, Oxford, 1890, i, 135. His documents prove that this practice existed in Liverpool (ii, 148â ââ 150), Waterford in Ireland, Neath in Wales, and Linlithgow and Thurso in Scotland. Mr. Grossâs texts also show that the purchases were made for distribution, not only among the merchant burgesses, but âupon all citsains and commynalteâ (p. 136, note), or, as the Thurso ordinance of the seventeenth century runs, to âmake offer to the merchants, craftsmen, and inhabitants of the said burgh, that they may have their proportion of the same, according to their necessitys and ability.â â©
The Early History of the Guild of Merchant Taylors, by Charles M. Clode, London, 1888, i, 361, appendix 10; also the following appendix which shows that the same purchases were made in 1546. â©
Cibrario, Les conditions economiques de lâItalie au temps de Dante, Paris, 1865, p. 44. â©
A. de Calonne, La vie municipale au XVme siĂšcle dans le Nord de la France, Paris, 1880, pp. 12â ââ 16. In 1485
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