Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews Peter Longerich (grave mercy .TXT) 📖

Pollmeier refer to

more than 26,000 prisoners, Stein, Konzentrationslager, to 30,000. See also Ben Barkow,

ed., November Pogrom 1938. Die Augenzeugeberichte der Wiener Library London

(Frankfurt a. M., 2008).

80. BAB, NS 36/13; quoted in Peter Longerich, Die Ermordung der Europäischen Juden

(Munich, 1989), 43 ff.

81. See Stein, Konzentrationslager, about conditions in Buchenwald concentration camp,

where a ‘special camp’ was set up for the arrested Jews. The camp staff mistreated these

Jews particularly badly; the days between 10 and 14 November turned into a week of

murder. This violent ‘welcome ritual’ was also performed in the other concentration

camps; but the mistreatment continued long after. The prisoners’ everyday existence in

the camp was characterized by hunger, overcrowded huts, indescribable conditions of

hygiene and theft by the staff. See also Distel, ‘Warnung’, and Pollmeier, ‘Inhaftierung’.

82. OS, 1458-1-98, Annex to the Reich Economic Minister’s minutes of the departmental

meeting of 26 Jan., 28 Jan. 1939; this figure, which has made it possible to correct earlier estimates in the research literature, was first published in Longerich, Politik, 203. These figures have been confirmed in the thorough investigation of this complex by Gerald

Feldman, Allianz and the German Insurance Business 1933–1945 (New York, 2001), 269.

83. OS, 1458-1-98, Aufstellung Fachgruppe Feuerversicherugen und Nebenzweige, 21 Dec.

1938.

84. On the atmosphere; see Bankier, Meinung, 118 ff.; Longerich, Politik, 204–5.

85. 1816 PS, IMT xxviii. On this meeting see also the description in Walter Strauss, ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung. Aufzeichnungen von Dok-tor Bernhard Lösener’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 9/3 (1961) (note from

Lösener), 286 ff.

86. According to Adolf Diamant, Zerstörte Synagogen vom November 1938. Eine Bestands-

aufnahme (Frankfurt a. M., 1978), during the whole Nazi era some 1,200 synagogues

and prayer rooms within the Reich in its 1938 borders were destroyed, most of them

during the November pogrom, the rest mostly as a result of war damage.

87. These prohibitions had already been passed by the Reich Chamber of Culture on the

day of the meeting, 12 Nov. See Walk, Sonderrecht, iii. 12.

88. OS, 1458-3-2216. On this meeting see also the circular of the Baden Gau headquarters, quoted in: Dokumente über die Verfolgung, Nr. 339, commented upon in Adam,

Judenpolitik, 218.

Notes to pages 116–118

471

89. As early as 14 November Department II of SD Headquarters, on the instructions of

Heydrich, presented five drafts for a badge for the identification of the Jews: OS, 500-1-659.

90. Published by Götz Aly and Susanne Heim in Beiträge zur nationalsozialistischen

Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik, 9 (1991), Dokument 1, 15–21.

91. Amongst other things, Frick made the following statements on the issue: Jews were to

leave the retail trade by January 1939; profits made through ‘Aryanization’ were to be

skimmed off; rent control for Jews would be abolished within the next few days; Jews

were to be concentrated in certain buildings. Otherwise, for the employment of the Jews

there were ideas for ‘labour columns’ and for the existence of certain Jewish businesses.

92. First Decree for the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life, RGBl, 1938, I, p. 1580.

The first implementation provision of 23 Nov. 1938 regulated further details, RGBl,

1938, I, p. 1642.

93. RGBl, 1938, I, p. 1581.

94. RGBl, 1938, I, p. 1579; the implementation order by the Reich Minister of Finance of 21

Nov. 1938 governed taxation. Walk, Sonderrecht, iii. 21 and 24; cf. Barkai, Boykott, 151.

95. According to Kratzsch, Gauwirtschaftsapparat, 203.

96. Decree for the deployment of Jewish assets, RGBl, 1938, I, pp. 1709 ff.

97. Listed in Adam, Judenpolitik, 212 ff.

98. Fricke-Finkelnburg, Nationalsozialismus und Schule, 271.

99. Walk, Sonderrecht, iii. 56.

100. Decree against the Ownership of Weapons by Jews, 11 Nov. 1938, RGBl, I, p. 1573.

101. Decree of the President of the Reich Chamber of Culture, 12 Nov. 1938; see Walk,

Sonderrecht, iii. 12.

102. Order of the Reichsführer SS and Chief of German Police, revealed in the press on 8

Dec. 1938. See VB 8 Dec. 1938.

103. RGBl, 1938, I, pp. 1676, 1704.

104. Walk, Sonderrecht, iii. 37.

105. Dieter Maier, Arbeitseinsatz und Deportation. Die Mitwirkung der Arbeitsverwaltung

bei der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung in den Jahren 1939–1945 (Berlin, 1994),

26 ff.; Wolf Gruner, Der geschlossener Arbeitseinsatz deutscher Juden. Zur Zwangsar-

beit als Element der Verfolgung 1938–1943 (Berlin, 1997), 66 ff.

106. 069-PS, IMT xxv. 131 ff.

107. Walk, Sonderrecht, iii. 154.

108. Law concerning Rental Relationships with Jews, 30 Apr. 1939 (RGBl, 1939, I, p. 864).

109. Circular of the Reich Minister of the Interior, RMBliV, p. 1291, 16 June 1939.

110. Instruction by the Reich Minister of Economics of 16 Jan. 1939. Walk, Sonderrecht, iii.

106 and Third Decree to implement the Decree concerning the Reporting of Jewish

Property of 21 Feb. 1939, RGBl, I, p. 282.

111. Decree to Alter the Decree concerning Medical Examination and Recruitment of 7

Mar. 1939, RGBl, 1939, I, p. 425.

112. On ‘Compulsory Entjudung’, see Kratzsch, Gauwirtschaftsapparat, 202 ff.

113. Cf. ibid. 204–5; circular of 25 Feb. 1939.

114. BAM, RW 19/2374, 5 Jan. 1939. On the practice of Aryanization see also the case study of Marburg: Barbara Händler-Lachmann and Thomas Werther, Vergessene Geschäfte,

472

Notes to pages 118–124

verlorene Geschichte. Jüdisches Wirtschaftsleben in Marburg und seine Vernichtung im

Nationalsozialismus (Marburg, 1992), 116 ff.

115. Barkai, Boykott, 151.

116. Bajohr, ‘Arisierung’, 279.

117. RGBl, 1940, I, pp. 891–2.

118. Leo Lippmann, ‘ . . . Dass ich wie ein guter Deutscher empfinde und handele’. Zur

Geschichte der Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeinde in Hamburg in der Zeit von Herbst 1935

bis zum Ende 1942 (Hamburg, 1994), 71–2.

119. Minutes of the first meeting of the Reich Central Agency, 11 Feb. 1939 (ADAP), series D, vol. 5, no. 665.

120. OS, 500-1-550.

121. For assets of 1 million RM the grading was 10 per cent, larger assets were to be assessed at even higher rates in individual cases.

122. See Maier, Arbeitseinsatz, 22 ff. (especially on history and motivation) and Wolf

Gruner, Arbeitseinsatz, 40 ff.

123. See above.

124. Maier, Arbeitseinsatz, 23–4.

125. Gruner, Arbeitseinsatz, 50–1.

126. BAB, R 18/5519, ‘Entwurf für die Ansprache Fricks auf der Konferenz’; cf. Gruner,

Arbeitseinsatz, 62.

127. Maier, Arbeitseinsatz, 26 ff.; Gruner, Arbeitseinsatz, 66 ff.

128. Ibid. 92.

129. Further details in Gruner, Arbeitseinsatz, 84 ff. See, for example, the survey carried out in Berlin municipal business operations about whose results the Mayor was informed

early in March 1939: STA Berlin, Rep 01-02 GB 1281 (YV, JM 10660), the Councillor in

Charge of Municipal Business Operations, 7 Mar. 1939 to the Mayor; cf. Gruner,

Arbeitseinsatz, 90.

130. Ibid. 106.

131. OS, 504–2–2 (20),