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Rossino, Hitler, 88 ff. and his ‘Nazi Anti-Jewish

Policy during the Polish Campaign: The Case of the Einsatzgruppe von Woyrisch’,

GSR 24 (2001), 35–54 and Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Joachim Böhler, and JĂŒrgen

MatthÀus, eds, Einsatzgruppen in Polen. Darstellung und Dokumentation (Darmstadt,

2008).

13. Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 12.

14. For examples, see Rossino, Hitler, 90–1 and 99.

15. Christopher Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy September 1939 to March 1942 (London, 2004), 25 ff., 56–7; Böhler, ‘ “Tragische

Verstrickung” ’, 45 ff.

16. Jansen and Weckbecker, ‘Selbstschutz’, 154 ff.

17. Ibid. 96 ff. and 154.

18. Ibid. 96 ff.

19. On the role of uniformed police in these murders see Klaus-Michael Mallmann, ‘ “ . . .

Mißgeburten, die nicht auf diese Welt gehören”. Die deutsche Ordnungspolizei in

Polen 1939–1941’, in Mallmann and Musial, eds, Genesis, 71–89.

20. Martin CĂŒppers, ‘ “ . . . auf eine so saubere und anstĂ€ndige SS-mĂ€ĂŸige Art”. Die WaffenSS in Polen 1939–1941’, in Mallmann and Musial, eds, Genesis, 90–110.

21. Jansen and Weckbecker, ‘Selbstschutz’, 168 ff.; Pohl, Judenpolitik, 22 ff.; Szymon Datner,

‘Crimes Committed by the Wehrmacht during the September Campaign and the

Period of Military Government’, Polish Western Affairs 3 (1962), esp. 322 ff.

22. Jansen and Weckbecker, ‘Selbstschutz’, 154 ff. and 212 ff.

23. Rieß, AnfĂ€nge, 173 ff.

480

Notes to pages 146–147

24. Jansen and Weckbecker, ‘Selbstschutz’, 156 and 224 ff.

25. Ibid. 156–7 and 228–9.

26. IfZ, Fb 52.

27. File note by Oberstleutnant Lahousen, published in Helmuth Groscurth, TagebĂŒ-

cher eines Abwehroffiziers 1938–1940. Mit weiteren Dokumente zur MilitĂ€ropposi-

tion gegen Hitler (Stuttgart, 1970), 357 ff. According to Lahousen’s (unverifiable)

testimony in Nuremberg (IMT, ii. 492 ff. and iii. 30), at this meeting Keitel told

Canaris to ‘raise a rebellion’ in Galician Ukraine ‘with the extirpation of the Jews

as its goal’; only when Canaris refused was this remark about the Einsatzgruppen

made (cf. Eberhard JĂ€ckel, Hitlers Herrschaft. Vollzug einer Weltanschauung

(Stuttgart, 1986), 95 and 172).

28. On this resistance see Krausnick, ‘Einsatzgruppen’, 80 ff.

29. Quoted in Groscurth, TagebĂŒcher, 409 ff.

30. Meeting of the Chief of the General Staff of the Army High Command in the new

Military District of Danzig with HSSPF Hildebrand and the Selbstschutz commander

responsible for the area of West Prussia von Alvensleben, 13 Oct. 1939, in Jansen and

Weckbecker, ‘Selbstschutz’, 175.

31. Ibid. 193 ff.

32. Note made by Blaskowitz for a presentation to the ObdH, 6 Feb. 1940, in Ernst Klee,

Willi Dressen, and Volker Riess, eds, ‘Schöne Zeiten’. Judenmord aus der Sicht der TĂ€ter

und Gaffer (Frankfurt a. M., 1988), 14 ff.

33. Schmuel Krakowski, ‘The Fate of Jewish Prisoners of War in the September 1939

Campaign’, YVS, 12 (1977), 297–323.

34. On the establishment and replacement of the military administration see Hans

Umbreit, Deutsche MilitÀrverwaltungen 1938/39. Die militÀrische Besetzung der Tsche-

choslowakei und Polens (Stuttgart, 1977), 85 ff., and Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 18 ff.

On the dismemberment of Poland, see Rohde, ‘Blitzkrieg’, 136 ff.

35. On the system of ‘ethnic inequality’ in Poland see especially Diemut Majer,

‘Fremdvölkische’ in Dritten Reich. Ein Beitrag zur nationalsozialistischen Rechtset-

zung und Rechtspraxis in Verwaltung und Justiz unter besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung

der eingegliederten Ostgebiete und des Generalgouvernements (Boppard, 1981). From

the extensive literature on the German politics of occupation, the following deserve

special mention: Martin Broszat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik (Stuttgart,

1961); Gerhard EisenblĂ€tter, ‘Grundlinien der Politik des Reichs gegenĂŒber der

Generalgouvernement’, diss. (Frankfurt a. M., 1969); Madajczyk, Okkupationspoli-

tik; Werner Röhr, ed., Die faschistische Okkupationspolitik in Polen (1939–1945)

(Bonn, 1969).

36. Hans-Christian Harten, De-Kulturation und Germanisierung. Die nationalsozialistische

Rassen- und Erziehungspolitik in Polen 1939–1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1996).

37. Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 541 ff.

38. Wlodzimierz Borodziej, Terror und Politik. Die deutsche Polizei und die polnische

Widerstandsbewegung im Generalgouvernement 1939–1944 (Mainz, 1999). See also

Majer, Fremdvölkische, 864 ff. on the arbitrary penal system in the General

Government.

39. Ibid. 387 ff.

Notes to pages 148–151

481

40. Christopher Browning, ‘Nazi Resettlement Policy and the Search for a Solution to the

Jewish Question’, GSR 9/3 (1986), 8; reprinted in Browning, The Path to Genocide; and

Pohl, Lublin, 22.

41. BAB, R 58/825, 15 Sept. 1939.

42. BAB, R 58/825, Departmental Heads meeting, minute of 27 Sept. 1939. The ‘German

areas’ referred to in point 1 of the summary remarks clearly indicated the annexed

Polish territories, whilst ‘Jews out of the Reich’ (point 2) meant those in the rest of the Reich area, as is clear from the parallel intention (in point 3) to deport 30,000 Gypsies (i.e. almost all those living in the area of the Reich).

43. Faschismus—Ghetto—Massenmord. Dokumentation ĂŒber Ausrottung und Widerstand

der Juden in Polen wÀhrend des zweiten Weltkriegs, ed. Tatiana Berenstein et al.

(Frankfurt a. M., 1962), 37 ff.; ND 3363-PS.

44. Note of the conversation between Heydrich and Brauchitsch, published in Groscurth,

TagebĂŒcher, 361–2.

45. BAB, R 58/825, Departmental Heads meeting of 29 September, minute of 1 Oct. 1939.

Correspondingly the exceptional regulation for the area under Einsatzgruppe I

mentioned in the express letter of 21 September was lifted: YV, 053/87, Eichmann’s

note dated 29 Sept. 1939.

46. Hans-GĂŒnther Seraphim, ed., Das Politische Tagebuch Alfred Rosenbergs aus den

Jahren 1933/35 und 1939/40 (Göttingen, 1956), 81.

47. Andreas Hillgruber, ed., StaatsmÀnner und Diplomaten bei Hitler. Vertrauliche Auf-

zeichnungen ĂŒber Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslands, vol. i (Frankfurt a. M.,

1967), 29–30 (26 Sept. 1939).

48. ADAP, series D, vol. 7, no. 176, minute of 2 Oct. 1939.

49. Confidential Information (Communications of the Ministry for Propaganda), 9 Oct.

1941, in JĂŒrgen Hagemann, Die Presselenkung im Dritten Reich (Bonn, 1970), 145; Jonny

Moser, ‘Nisko: The First Experiment in Deportation’, Simon Wiesenthal Center

Annual (SWCA) 2 (1985), 3, observes that the Belgrade paper Vreme had already

reported on the reservation plans on 19 Sept. 1941.

50. Verhandlungen des deutschen Reichstages, vol. 460, pp. 51 ff.

51. IMT xxvi. 255–6, 686-PS.

9.

Deportations

1. The note Eichmann made on 6 Oct. 1939 goes on to say that ‘this activity should serve in the first instance as a way of building up experience such that on this basis the

evacuation of larger masses of people could be facilitated’ (YV, 053/87, Gestapo Docu-

ments from Ostrava). On the autumn 1939 deportations see: Miroslav Kárny, ‘Nisko in

der Geschichte der Endlösung’, Judaica Bohemiae 23 (1987), 69–84; Seev Goshem,

‘Eichmann und die Nisko-Aktion im Oktober 1939. Eine Fallstudie zur NS-Judenpolitik

in der letzten Etappe vor der “Endlösung” ’, VfZ 27 (1981), 74–96; Moser, Nisko; Seev

Goshem, ‘Nisko—ein Ausnahmefall unter den Judenlagern der SS’, VfZ 40 (1992), 95–

106; Hans-GĂŒnther Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch. Studien zur deportation der Juden aus

Deutschland (TĂŒbingen, 1974), 125 ff.; Browning, Resettlement; Hans

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