Decline of Science in England by Charles Babbage (red white royal blue txt) đź“–
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doubt. It cannot, however, admit of a doubt, that it is unwise
to crown it with official authority, and thus expose the officers
of their service to depend on means which may be quite
insufficient for their purpose.
How the Board of Longitude, after EXPRESSLY DIRECTING THIS
INSTRUMENT TO BE MADE AND TRIED, could come to the decision at
which they arrived, appears inexplicable. The known difference
of opinion amongst the best observers respecting the repeating
principle, ought to have rendered them peculiarly cautious, nor
ought the opinion of a Troughton, that instruments of less than
one foot in diameter may be considered, “FOR ASTRONOMY, AS LITTLE
BETTER THAN PLAYTHINGS,” [Memoirs of the Astronomical Society,
Vol.I. p.53.] to have been rejected without the most carefully
detailed experiments. There were amongst that body, persons who
must have examined minutely the work on the Pendulum. Captain
Kater must have felt those difficulties in the perusal of it
which other observers have experienced; and he who was placed in
the Board of Longitude especially for his knowledge of
instruments, might, in a few hours, have arrived at more decisive
facts. But perhaps I am unjust. Captain Kater’s knowledge
rendered it impossible for him to have been ignorant of the
difficulties, and his candour would have prevented him from
concealing them: he must, therefore, after examining the
subject, have been outvoted by his lay-brethren who had dispensed
with that preliminary.
It would be unjust, before quitting this subject, not to mention
with respect the acknowledgment made by an officer of the naval
service of the errors into which he also fell from this same
level. Lieutenant Foster, aware of the many occasions on which
Captain Sabine had employed this instrument, and knowing that he
considered each division as equal to one second, never thought
that a doubt could exist on the subject, and made all his
calculations accordingly. When Captain Kater made him acquainted
with the mistake, Lieutenant Foster immediately communicated a
paper [The paper of Lieutenant Foster is printed in the
Philosophical Transactions, 1827, p.122, and is worth
consulting.] to the Royal Society, in which he states the
circumstance most fully, and recomputed all the observations in
which that instrument was used. Unfortunately, from the original
observations of Mr. Ross being left on board the Fury at the time
of her loss, the transcripts of his results could not be
recomputed like the rest, and were consequently useless.
SECTION 5.
OF THE UNION OF SEVERAL OFFICES IN ONE PERSON.
Although the number of situations to which persons conversant
with science may hope to be appointed, is small, yet it has
somewhat singularly happened, that instances of one individual,
holding more than one such appointment, are frequent. Not to
speak of those held by the late Dr. Young, we have at present:—
MR. POND—Astronomer Royal, Inspector of Chronometers, and
Superintendent of the Nautical Almanac.
CAPTAIN SABINE — An officer of artillery on leave of absence
from his regiment; Secretary of the Royal Society; and Scientific
Adviser of the Admiralty.
MR. BRANDE—Clerk of the Irons at the Royal Mint; Professor of
Chemistry at the Royal Institution; Analyser of Rough Nitre, &c.
to the East-India Company; Lecturer on Materia Medica,
Apothecaries’ Hall; Superintending Chemical Operator at ditto;
Lecturer on Chemistry at ditto; Editor of the Royal Institution
Journal; and Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society.
One should be led to imagine, from these unions of scientific
offices, either that science is too little paid, and that
gentlemen cannot be found to execute the offices separately at
the salaries offered; or else, that it is too well paid, since
each requires such little attention, that almost any number can
be executed by one person.
The Director of the Royal Observatory has a larger and better
collection of instruments, and more assistants to superintend,
than any other astronomer in the world; and, to do it properly,
would require the almost undivided attention of a man in the
vigour of youth. Nor would a superintendent of the Nautical
Almanac, if he made a point of being acquainted with every thing
connected with his subject, find his situation at all a sinecure.
Slight as are the duties of the Foreign Secretary of the Royal
Society, it might have been supposed that Mr. Brande would
scarcely, amongst his multifarious avocations, have found time
even for them. But it may be a consolation to him to know, that
from the progress the Society is making, those duties must become
shortly, if they are not already, almost extinct.
Doubtless the President, in making that appointment, looked most
anxiously over the list of the Royal Society. He doubtless knew
that the Academics of Sweden, of Denmark, of Scotland, of
Prussia, of Hanover, and of France, derived honour from the
discoveries of their Secretaries;—that they prided themselves in
the names of Berzelius, of Oersted, of Brewster, of Encke, of
Gauss, and of Cuvier. Doubtless the President must have been
ambitious that England should contribute to this galaxy of glory,
that the Royal Society should restore the lost Pleiad [Pleiades,
an assemblage of seven stars in the neck of the constellation
Taurus. There are now only six of them visible to the naked
eye.—HUTTON’S DICTIONARY—Art. Pleiades.] to the admiring
science of Europe. But he could discover no kindred name amongst
the ranks of his supporters, and forgot, for a moment, the
interest of the Society, in an amiable consideration for the
feelings of his surrounding friends. For had the President
chosen a brighter star, the lustre of his other officers might
have been overpowered by its splendour: but relieved from the
pain of such a contrast, he may still retain the hope, that, by
their united brightness, these suns of his little system shall
yet afford sufficient light to be together visible to distant
nations, as a faint NEBULA in the obscure horizon of English
science.
SECTION 6.
OF THE FUNDS OF THE SOCIETY.
Although the Society is not in a state approaching to poverty, it
may be useful to offer a few remarks respecting the distribution
of its money.
EXPENSE OF ENGRAVINGS FOR SIR E. HOME’S PAPERS.—The great
expense of the engravings which adorn the volumes of the
Philosophical Transactions, is not sufficiently known. That many
of those engravings are quite essential for the papers they
illustrate, and that those papers are fit for the Transactions, I
do not doubt; but, some inquiry is necessary, when such large
sums are expended. I shall endeavour, therefore, to approximate
to the sum these engravings have cost the Royal Society.
Previous to 1810, there are upwards of seventy plates to papers
of Sir E. Home’s; in many of these, which I have purposely
separated, the workmanship is not so minute as in the succeeding
ones. Since 1810, there have occurred 187 plates attached to
papers of the same author. Many of these have cost from twelve to
twenty guineas each plate; but I shall take five pounds as the
average cost of the first portion, and twelve as that of the
latter. This would produce,
70 X 5 = 350
187 X 12 = 2244
…… –—
…… L2594
As this is only proposed as a rough approximation, let us omit
the odd hundreds, and we have two thousand pounds expended in
plates only on ONE branch of science, and for one person!
Without calling in question the importance of the discoveries
contained in those papers, it may be permitted to doubt whether
such a large sum might not have been expended in a manner more
beneficial to science. Not being myself conversant with those
subjects, I can only form an opinion of the value from extraneous
circumstances. Had their importance been at all equal to their
number, I should have expected to have heard amongst the learned
of other countries much more frequent mention of them than I have
done, and even the Council of the Royal Society would scarcely
have excluded from their Transactions one of those productions
which they had paid for as a lecture.
It might also have been more delicate not to have placed on the
Council so repeatedly a gentleman, for whose engravings they were
annually expending, during the last twenty years, about an
hundred pounds. On the other hand, when the Council lent Sir E.
Home the whole of those valuable plates to take off impressions
for his large work on Comparative Anatomy, of which they
constitute almost the whole, it might have been as well not to
have obliterated from each plate all indication of the source to
which he was indebted for them.
THE PRESIDENT’S DISCOURSES.—I shall mention this circumstance,
because it fell under my own observation.
Observing in the annual accounts a charge of 381L 5s. for the
President’s Speeches, I thought it right to inquire into the
nature of this item. Happening to be on the Council the next
year, I took an opportunity, at an early meeting of that Council,
to ask publicly for an explanation of the following resolution,
which stands in the Council-books for Dec. 21, 1828.
“Resolved, That 500 copies of the President’s Discourses, about
to be printed by Mr. Murray, be purchased by the Society, at the
usual trade price.”
The answer given to that question was, “THAT THE COUNCIL HAD
AGREED TO PURCHASE THESE VOLUMES AT THAT PRICE, IN ORDER TO
INDUCE MR. MURRAY TO PRINT THE PRESIDENT’S SPEECHES.”
I remarked at the time that such an answer was quite
unsatisfactory, as the following statement will prove.
The volume consists of 160 pages, or twenty sheets, and the
following prices are very liberal:
L s. d.
To composing and printing twenty sheets, at
3L. per sheet……….. …. 60 0 0
Twenty reams of paper, at 3L. per ream ….. 60 0 0
Corrections, alterations, &c. ……… 30 0 0
Total cost of 500 copies …… 150 0 0
Now upon the subject of the expense of printing, the Council
could not plead ignorance. The Society are engaged in printing,
and in paying printers’ bills, too frequently to admit of such an
excuse; and several of the individual members must have known,
from their own private experience, that the cost of printing such
a volume was widely different from that they were about to pay,
as an inducement to a bookseller to print it on his own account.
Here, then, was a sum of above two hundred pounds beyond what was
necessary for the object, taken from the funds of the Royal
Society; and for what purpose? Did the President and his
officers ever condescend to explain this transaction to the
Council; or were they expected, as a matter of course, to
sanction any thing proposed to them? Could they have been so
weak, or so obedient, as to order the payment of above three
hundred and eighty pounds, to induce a bookseller to do what they
might have done themselves for less than half the sum? Or did
they wish to make Mr. Murray a present of two hundred pounds? If
so, he must have had powerful friends in the Council, and it is
fit the Society should know who they were; for they were not
friends, either to its interests or to its honour.
The copies, so purchased, were ordered by the Council to be sold
to members of the Society at 15s. each: (the trade price is 15s.
3d.) and out of the five hundred copies twenty-seven only have
been sold: the remainder encumber our shelves. Thus, after four
years, the Society are still losers of three hundred and sixty
Pounds on this transaction.
ON THE CONVERSION OF THE GREENWICH OBSERVATIONS INTO PASTEBOARD.
—Although the printing of these observations is not paid for out
of the funds of the
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