Decline of Science in England by Charles Babbage (red white royal blue txt) đź“–
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body are the visitors of the Royal Observatory, it may not be
misplaced to introduce the subject here.
Some years since, a member of the Royal Society accidentally
learned, that there was, at an old store-shop in Thames Street, a
large quantity of the volumes of the Greenwich Observations on
sale as waste paper. On making inquiry, he ascertained that
there were two tons and a half to be disposed of, and that an
equal quantity had already been sold, for the purpose of
converting it into pasteboard. The vendor said he could get
fourpence a pound for the whole, and that it made capital Bristol
board. The fact was mentioned by a member of the Council of the
Royal Society, and they thought it necessary to inquire into the
circumstances.
Now, the Observations made at the Royal Observatory are printed
with every regard to typographical luxury, with large margins, on
thick paper, hotpressed, and with no sort of regard to economy.
This magnificence is advocated by some who maintain, that the
volumes ought to be worthy of a great nation; whilst others,
seeing how little that nation spends on science, regret that the
sums allotted to it should not be applied with the strictest
economy. If the Astronomer Royal really has a right to these
volumes, printed by the government at a large expense, it is,
perhaps, the most extravagant mode which was ever yet invented of
paying a public servant. When that right was given to him,—let
us suppose somebody had suggested the impolicy of it, lest he
should sell the costly volumes for waste paper,—who would have
listened for one moment to such a supposition? He would have been
told that it was impossible to suppose a person in that high and
responsible situation, could be so indifferent to his own
reputation.
A short time since, I applied to the President and Council of the
Royal Society, for copies of the Greenwich Observations, which
were necessary for an inquiry on which I was at that time
engaged. Being naturally anxious to economize the small funds I
can devote to science, the request appeared to me a reasonable
one. It was, however, refused; and I was at the same time
informed that the Observations could be purchased at the
bookseller’s. [This was a mistake; Mr. Murray has not copies of
the Greenwich Observations prior to 1823.] When I consider that
practical astronomy has not occupied a very prominent place in my
pursuits, I feel disposed, on that ground, to acquiesce in the
propriety of the refusal. This excuse can, however, be of no
avail for similar refusals to other gentlemen, who applied nearly
at the same time with myself, and whose time had been
successfully devoted to the cultivation of that science. [M.
Bessel, at the wish of the Royal Academy of Berlin, projected a
plan for making a very extensive map of the heavens. Too vast
for any individual to attempt, it was proposed that a portion
should be executed by the astronomers of various countries, and
invitations to this effect were widely circulated. One only of
the divisions of this map was applied for by any English
astronomer; and, after completing the portion of the map assigned
to him, he undertook another, which had remained unprovided for.
This gentleman, the Rev. Mr. Hussey, was one of the rejected
applicants for the Greenwich Observations.]
There was, however, another ground on which I had weakly
anticipated a different result;—but those who occupy official
situations, rendered remarkable by the illustrious names of their
predecessors, are placed in no enviable station; and, if their
own acquirements are confessedly insufficient to keep up the high
authority of their office, they must submit to the mortifications
of their false position. I am sure, therefore, that the
President and officers of the Royal Society must have sympathized
MOST DEEPLY with me, when they felt it their duty to propose that
the Society over which Newton once presided, should refuse so
trifling an assistance to the unworthy possessor of the chair he
once filled.
In reply to my application to the President and Council, to be
allowed a copy of the Greenwich Observations, I was informed
that, “The number of copies placed by government at the disposal
of the Royal Society, was insufficient to supply the demands made
on them by various learned bodies in Europe; and, consequently,
they were unable, however great their inclination, to satisfy the
wishes of individual applicants.” Now I have spent some time in
searching the numerous proceedings in the council-books of the
Royal Society, and I believe the following is the real state of
the case:—
In 1785, Lord Sidney, one of His Majesty’s principal Secretaries
of State, wrote to the Council a letter, dated Whitehall, March
8, 1785, from which the following is extracted:—
“The King has been pleased to consent, that any copies of the
Astronomical Observations, made at the Observatory of Greenwich,
(and paid for by the Board of Ordnance, pursuant to His Majesty’s
command, of July 21, 1767,) which may at any time remain in the
hands of the printer, shall, after you have reserved such copies
as you may think proper as presents, be given to the said Nevil
Maskelyne, in consideration of his trouble in the superintending
the printing thereof. I am to signify His Majesty’s pleasure,
that you do, from time to time, give the necessary orders for
that purpose, until His Majesty’s further commands shall be
communicated to you.
Soon after this letter, I find on the council-books:—
“Ordered, That sixty copies of the Greenwich Observations, last
published, be retained as presents, and that the rest be
delivered to the Astronomer Royal.”
It is difficult to be sure of a negative fact, but in searching
many volumes of the Proceedings of the Council, I have not
discovered any revocation of this order, and I believe none
exists. This is confirmed by the circumstance of the Council at
the present day receiving precisely the same number of copies as
their predecessors, and I believe that in fact they do not know
the authority on which the right to those sixty rests.
Supposing this order unrevoked, it was clearly meant to be left
to the discretion of the Council, to order such a number to be
reserved, “from time to time,” as the demands of science might
require. When, therefore, they found that the number of sixty
copies was insufficient, they ought to have directed the printer
to send them a larger number; but when they found out the purpose
to which the Astronomer Royal applied them, they ought
immediately to have ordered nearly the whole impression, in order
to prevent this destruction of public property. If, on the other
hand, the above order is revoked, and we really have no right to
more than sixty copies; then, on discovering the Observations in
their progress towards pasteboard, it was the duty of the Council
of the Royal Society, as visitors of the Royal Observatory,
immediately to have represented to Government the evil of the
arrangement, and to have suggested, that if the Astronomer Royal
have the right, it would be expedient to commute it for a liberal
compensation.
Whichever be the true view of the case, they have taken no steps
on the subject; and I cannot help expressing my belief, that the
President and Council were induced to be thus negligent of the
interests of science, from the fear of interfering with the
perquisites of the Astronomer Royal.
It is, however, but justice to observe, that the injury already
done to science, by the conversion of these Observations into
pasteboard, is not so great as the public might have feared. Mr.
Pond, than whom no one can be supposed better acquainted with
their value, and whose right to judge no man can question, has
shown his own opinion to be, that his reputation will be best
consulted by diminishing the extent of their circulation.
Before I quit the subject of the Royal Observatory, on which much
might be said, I will just refer to the report by a Committee of
the Royal Society that was made relative to it, some years since,
and which, it is imagined, is a subject by no means grateful to
the memory of any of the parties concerned in it. My object is
to ascertain, whether any amendments have taken place in
consequence. To one fact of considerable importance, I was
myself a witness, when I was present officially at a visitation.
At that time, no original observations made at the transit
instrument were ever preserved. Had I not been an eye witness of
the process of an observation, I should not have credited the
fact.
SECTION 7.
OF THE ROYAL MEDALS.
At a period when the attention of Government to science had not
undergone any marked change, a most unexpected occurrence took
place. His Majesty intimated to the Royal Society, through his
Secretary of State, his intention to found two gold medals, of
the value of fifty guineas each, to be awarded annually by the
Council of the Royal Society, according to the rules they were
desired to frame for that purpose.
The following is the copy of Mr. Peel’s
letter:—
WHITEHALL, December 3d, 1825.
SIR,
I am commanded by the King to acquaint you, that His Majesty
proposes to found two gold medals, of the value of fifty guineas
each, to be awarded as honorary premiums, under the direction of
the President and Council of the Royal Society, in such a manner
as shall, by the excitement of competition among men of science,
seem best calculated to promote the object for which the Royal
Society was instituted.
His Majesty desires to receive from the President and Council of
the Royal Society their opinion upon the subject generally of the
regulations which it may be convenient to establish with regard
to the appropriation of the medals; and I have, therefore, to
request that you will make the necessary communication to the
Council of the Royal Society, in order that His Majesty’s wishes
may be carried into effect.
I have the honour to be, &c. &c.
(Signed) R. PEEL.
Nothing could be more important for the interests of science,
than this gracious manifestation of His Majesty’s concern for its
advancement. It was hailed by all who were made acquainted with
it, as the commencement of a new era, and the energies which it
might have awakened were immense. The unfettered nature of the
gift excited admiration, whilst the confidence reposed in the
Council was calculated to have insured the wavering faith of any
less-gifted body. Even those who, either from knowing the
MANAGEMENT of the Society, or from other grounds, doubted the
policy of establishing medals, saw much to admire in the tone and
spirit in which they were offered.
The Council immediately came to the resolution of gratefully
accepting them: and it appears that the President communicated
that resolution, on the 26th, to Mr. Peel, in a letter, which is
found on the minutes of the Council-book of the 26th of January.
At the same Council, the rules for the award of the Royal medals
were decided upon; they were as follow:—
26th January, 1826.
RESOLVED,
That it is the opinion of the Council, that the medals be awarded
for the most important discoveries or series of investigations,
completed and made known to the Royal Society in the year
preceding the day of their award.
That it is the opinion of the Council, that the presentation of
the medals should not be limited to British subjects. And they
propose, if it should be His Majesty’s pleasure, that his effigy
should form the obverse of the medal.
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