A Conchological Manual by George Brettingham Sowerby (early reader books .txt) 📖
- Author: George Brettingham Sowerby
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CASTALIA. Lam. _Fam._ Trigonées, Lam.--_Descr._ Fluviatile, equivalve,
inequilateral, trigonal, with corroded umbones; hinge with two laminar,
transversely striated teeth, one of which is posterior, remote from the
umbones, short, divided, the other anterior, elongated; epidermis
thick; internal surface pearly. Lamarck, in describing this shell,
states, that he regards it as intermediate between Trigonia and Unio.
It should, however, certainly have been placed in the family of
"Nayades," and perhaps should form a part of the genus UNIO itself. C.
ambigua, Lam. fig. 140. South America.
CATILLUS. Brong. (A little dish.) INOCERAMUS, Sow.
CATOPHRAGMUS. Sow. (From [Greek: Katô], _beneath_; [Greek: phragmos] _a
place_ _paled in_.) _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Light
principal valves, cemented side by side in a circle; eight small
pointed valves beneath, covering the joints of the upper circle, and
numerous still smaller valves forming the base of the shell; operculum,
four valves.--_Obs._ This is the only genus of Sessile Cirripedes,
consisting of eight principal valves, excepting Octomeris, which is
destitute of the accessary pieces from which the genus derives its
name. Fig. 23. C. imbricatus. South Africa.
CAUDAL CANAL. The elongated hollow process which terminates the
aperture anteriorly of some univalve shells. For instance, Murex
Haustellum, fig. 396, has an elongated caudal canal.
CELLANTHUS. Montf. VORTICIALIS, Bl. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.
CELLULACEA. Bl. The second order of Cephalophora, Bl. consisting of
doubtful microscopic bodies, with a number of variously arranged
shells, as distinguished from the true Polythalamia, Bl. or chambered
shells. See FORAMINIFERA.
CEMORIA. Flemingii. Leach. A small patelliform shell, differing from
Fissurella, in having the fissure placed behind the apex, which is
produced, pointed and incurved. It is the Patella Fissurella, Müll.
Patella Noachina, Chemn. F. Noachina, Sow. Puncturella, Lowe. Fig. 244.
Cemoria Flemingii. Scotland and Tierra del Fuego.
CENTRAL. A term used to indicate the position of the muscular
impression of a bivalve shell when it is near the centre of the inner
surface. It is also applied to the siphon perforating the septum of a
chambered shell when it is placed near the centre of the plate.
_Sub_-central is also used as a comparative term, to indicate the
position of the siphon, or of the muscular impression, is _near_ the
centre. Thus in Placuna (fig. 184), the muscular impression is central:
in Exogyra (fig. 183), it is _sub_-central.
CEPA. Humph. ANOMIA, Linn.
CEPHALOPHORA. Bl. The first class of Malacozoæ, Bl. Divided into:
_Order_ 1. Cryptodibranchiata; 2. Cellulacea; 3. Polythalamacea. The
first consisting of Cuttle-fish, &c. which are destitute of shells; the
second composed of those microscopic cellular bodies, which are
regarded as shells by some authors; and the third containing the true
chambered shells.
CEPHALOPODA. Lam. (Cephalopodes.) ([Greek: Kephalê], _kephale_, head;
[Greek: pous], [Greek: podos], _podos_, foot.) The fourth order of the
_class_ Mollusca, Lam. containing molluscs, which are characterized by
having a series of arms surrounding the head, which is placed above a
sack-shaped body. This order is divided into Polythalamia, or
many-chambered shells; Monothalamia, or single-chambered cephalopods;
and Sepiaria, or cuttle-fish. Fig. 463 to 488.
CEPOLIS. Montf. Belonging to the genus HELIX, Auct.
CERATODES. Guild. ([Greek: Keratôdês], like a horn.) A genus composed
of the flat, orbicular species of AMPULLARIA, Auct. which present so
near a resemblance to the Planorbes, as to have been considered as
belonging to them. Planorbis has, however, a horny texture, and no
operculum, and it is always reversed, which may be observed by placing
the spire upwards. Fig. 320, represents Ampullaria (Ceratodes)
Cornu-arietis.
CERIPHASIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanianæ, thus described, "Cerithiform;
outer lip thin, dilated at the base; aperture small, slightly
emarginate, without any internal groove; inner lip thin. C. sulcata,
Sw. fig. 38. p. 204." (Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 342.)
CERITHIUM. Brug. _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Desc._
Elongated, ribbed, tuberculated, or rarely smooth, with a lengthened,
turrited, pointed, pyramidal spire, consisting of numerous whorls;
aperture sub-quadrate, terminated anteriorly by a tortuous canal; outer
lip thickened, sometimes reflected, expanded; inner lip thickened
posteriorly; operculum horny, spiral, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ The
fresh-water shells described as Cerithia by Lamarck, are separated
under the name Potamis, and may be known by the thick, horny epidermis.
Triphora, Desh. has the canal closed, except at the extremities.
Cerithium Telescopium, does not appear to present the same characters
as the other Cerithia, and has been separated by some writers under the
generic name Telescopium. Cerithium Aluco, fig. 372. Mediterranean,
East and West Indies, Coasts of the Pacific, Gallapagos, Australia, &c.
Some small species are British. Fossils are numerous in the tertiary
beds.
CERVICOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of Paracephalophora
Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing symmetrical patelliform shells, divided
into the families Retifera and Branchifera.
CETOCIS. Montf. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. and Bl. Placed by De
Blainville in his section of Belemnites, characterized as having small
folds at the apex. _Ex._ B. Penicillatus.
CETOPIRUS. Ranz. CORONULA BALÆNARIS, Auct. fig. 16.
CHAMA. Auct. _Fam._ Chamacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve,
irregular, thick, foliaceous, attached by the umbo of the lower and
larger valve. External ligament placed in a groove, following the curve
of the umbones. Umbones spiral, coiled round on the back of the valves;
hinge with a thick, crenated, lengthened tooth, in one valve, entering
a corresponding cavity in the hinge margin of the other; muscular
impressions, two in each valve, distinct, lateral.--_Obs._ The Linnæan
genus Chama, included the beautiful shells now called Tridacna. These
are exceedingly different from the true Chama, being regular and
unattached. The Chama (Tridacna) gigas, when at its full age and
development, is the largest shell known. Specimens have occurred
weighing upwards of 500 lbs., and measuring two feet across. Diceras
may be known from Chama by the spiral horns into which the umbones are
produced; Isocardia, by the regularity of the shells, and it is hardly
necessary to mention Spondylus, which may be known by the triangular
disc between the umbones; Cleidothærus, Stutch. which resembles Chama
in general form, has a separate bony appendage attached to the hinge,
and may, moreover, be distinguished by its elongated muscular
impression. Fig. 153, C. Lazarus. E. and W. Indies.
CHAMACEA. Bl. The seventh family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl.
containing the genera Chama, Diceras, Etheria, Tridacna, Isocardia and
Trigonia.
CHAMACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Conchifera Dimyaria,
Lam. described as inequivalve, attached, irregular; with or without a
single rough tooth on the hinge; with two lateral muscular impressions
in each valve. This family contains the genera--
CHAMA. Leafy; umbones spiral. Fig. 153.
ETHERIA. Very irregular, pearly, without teeth. Fig. 155.
DICERAS. Like Chama, but the umbones free, produced. Fig. 154.
CHAMBERED. When the cavity of a shell is not continuous, but is divided
by shelly diaphragms or septa, it is said to be chambered. This is the
case with the shells of the Polythalamous Cephalopoda, as in the
Nautilus (see Introduction). The character is not confined to these, as
it occurs in some species of Spondyli, and in several turrited
univalves.
CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy. CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Stutch.
CHARYBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CHELIBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "HALIOTIDÆ," Sw. including Velutina, Lam. a
species of Sigaretus from Tonga, and Coriocella, Bl. Thus described,
"Animal cheloniform, broad; depressed; the mantle larger than the
shell, lobed in front; tentacula two, short, obtuse; eyes basal; mouth
circular; shell ear-shaped, thin, fragile, imperforate; pillar none."
CHELONOBIA. Leach. CORONULA Testudinaria, Auct. Fig. 15.
CHERSINA. Humph. ACHATINA, Lam.
CHICOREUS. Montf. A generic division of the genus MUREX, consisting of
such species as have three ramified varices. _Ex._ M. inflatus, fig.
395.
CHILINA. Gray. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval,
thin, covered with an olive green epidermis; spire rather short,
consisting of few whorls; aperture large, oval, rounded anteriorly;
outer lip thin, joining the inner lip without a sinus; inner lip spread
over part of the body whorl, terminating in a thick columella with one
or two folds.--_Obs._ These shells differ from the true Auriculæ in the
thinness of the outer lip. C. Dombeyana (Auricula Dombeyana, Auct.)
Fig. 300. The illustrated catalogue published by the author (Sow.
Conch. illustr. parts 135, 136) contains 13 species. Rivers of South
America.
CHILOTREMA. Leach. A sub-genus of HELIX, containing Helix lapicida,
Auct. Gray, Turton, p. 140.
CHIMOTREMA. ----? Belongs to HELIX.
CHIONE. Megerle. CYTHERÆA maculosa, (fig. 117, c.) sulcata, circinata,
&c. Auct. and other similar species.
CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six
parietal valves and two opercular valves; the upper edges of the
parietal valves are sloped and the structure is not tubular.
CHISMOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of the first section of
Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. Those Mollusca belonging to this order
which have shells, have them either internal or external, but always
scutiform, with depressed spires and wide, haliotoid, oblique
apertures, without a columellar lip properly so called. This order
partly answers to the family MACROSTOMATA, in the system of Lamarck. It
contains the genera Coriocella, Sigaretus, Cryptostoma, Oxinoe,
Stomatella and Velutina.
CHITON. Auct. ([Greek: chiton], an integument.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana,
Lam. _Class_, Polyplaniphora, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, consisting of eight
arched valves arranged in a series across the body of the animal and
fixed in the skin which forms a rim around them, sometimes scaly,
spinose, or rugose, sometimes smooth.--_Obs._ The genus Chiton,
commonly called "Coat of Mail," from its resemblance to jointed armour,
remains to the present day in exactly the same state with regard to its
boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which he left it.
That illustrious Naturalist placed it among the multivalves in his
purely Conchological system, although the animal is totally different
from the Cirripedes. The shells are prettily marked, and are found
attached to the rocks in all seas of Tropical and Southern climates,
but fossil species are almost unknown. Fig. 227, C. Spinosus. The genus
is divided by Guilding into Chiton, Canthopleura, Phakellopleura,
Chitonellus and Cryptoconchus. Zool. Journ. XVII. p. 27. The author of
this manual has lately attempted a revision of this interesting but
neglected genus, and has given a catalogue of all the species hitherto
known, as far as they could be identified among the confused mass of
synonyms and descriptions to be found in the works of various
Conchological writers. This catalogue is to be found in his
Conchological Illustrations, and refers to figures of 102 species, 92
of which are contained in parts 38 to 45, and 159 to 176.
CHITONELLUS. Lam. (From _Chiton_) Separated by Lamarck from Chiton, on
account of the valves being placed at a greater distance from each
other, the soft integument of the animal intervening. Fig. 228, C.
striatus. Philippines.
CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C.
argyrostoma is given as an example. Sw. Lard. Cyclop. p. 350.
CHONDRUS. Hartmann. ABIDA, Leach. A genus formed for the reception of
PUPA secale, Drap. Pupa Juniperi, Montague, which have plaits in the
aperture.
CHRYSOAR. Montf. Probably a species of ORTHOCERAS.
CHRYSODOMUS. Swains. "Distinguished from Fusus, by the comparative
shortness of the basal channel, and the ventricose or enlarged shape of
the body whorl. The beautiful orange-mouthed Whelk of England is a
typical example; and the few others now known are all of a very large
size, and chiefly found in Northern Seas, where they represent the more
elegant Fusi of tropical latitudes; the outer lip is always thin and
smooth." Sw. page 90, paragraph 78, described at page 308.
CHRYSOLUS. Montf. POLYSTOMELLA, Bl. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.
CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described
"Shell turbinate; the whorls few and convex; aperture effuse, round;
inner lip thickened just over, and almost concealing the umbilicus.
Nicobaricus, Martini, 182 fig. 1822-5." Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p.
327.
CHTHALAMUS. Ranz. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. Order, Sessile Cirripedes,
Lam.--_Descr._ "Shell much depressed, valves thick, thickened at the
base, with prominent areas; operculum nearly horizontal, composed of
four valves."--_Obs._ This description would apply generically to the
shell called Platylepas in the British Museum, only nothing is said
about the prominent plates jutting from the internal surface of
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