A Conchological Manual by George Brettingham Sowerby (early reader books .txt) 📖

the

   valves. The difference between this genus and BALANUS consists

   principally in the horizontal position of the operculum, and general

   flatness of the shell. C. stellatus, fig. 18.

 

   CIBICIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CIDARIS. Swains. A genus composed of TURBO Smaragdus, petholatus, and

   other similar species. The word Cidaris is, however, already in use for

   a genus of Echinæ.

 

   CIDAROLLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CILIATED. (ciliæ, hairs.) Having minute hairs as in Orbicula, Lingula,

   &c. and the jointed feelers of the Cirripedes.

 

   CIMBER. Montf. NAVICELLA, Auct.

 

   CINERAS. Leach. (_Cinereus_, ash-coloured.) _Order_, Pedunculated

   Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Animal with a quadrilateral body, supported

   on a fleshy peduncle, with an opening in front of the upper part for

   the passage of a bunch of ciliated tentacula. Immediately above this

   aperture is a pair of small elongated valves, placed in a nearly

   horizontal position; at the lower part is another tripartite pair

   placed perpendicularly, one on each side, and a narrow, angulated,

   keel-shaped piece placed at the back.--_Obs._ The nearest approach to

   this genus is Otion. (C. Vittatus, fig. 42.) Found upon substances

   floating in the sea.

 

   CINEREOUS. (_Cinereus_) Ash-coloured.

 

   CINGULA. Fleming. RISSOA, Leach.

 

   CIONELLA. Jeffreys. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong or

   elongated; last whorl large; apex rather acute; columella,

   sub-interrupted; aperture canaliculated, sub-effuse at the base;

   margins very unequal; no umbilicus. BULINUS octonus, lubricus, acicula,

   &c. Auct. C. lubrica, fig. 285.

 

   CIRCE. Schum. VENUS castrensis, fig. 117 d. V. sulcatina, arabica,

   pectinata, Auct. and other similar species.

 

   CIRRIPEDES. Lam. The tenth class of invertebrated animals, so named

   from the curled and ciliated branchia which protrude from the oval

   aperture of the shells. The class Cirripedes of Lamarck constitutes the

   entire genus _Lepas_ of Linnæus. They are divided into two sections;

   first, Sessile Cirr. attached by the basal portion of the shell;

   second, Pedunculated Cirr. supported upon a Peduncle. Figs. 14 to 45.

 

   CIRROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita,

   Bl. This order has been formed for the purpose of giving a place in the

   system to the genus Dentalium. The animal of which has lungs,

   consisting of numerous filaments, having their basal origin in two

   radical lobes under the neck.

 

   CIRRUS. J. Sowerby (cirrus, a tendril.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Bl. and

   Lam.--_Descr._ Spiral, conical, with a hollow axis; whorls contiguous,

   numerous, rounded, or slightly angulated.--_Obs._ This fossil genus

   resembles Trochus, from which it is known by the deep funnel-shaped

   umbilicus. Fig. 349, C. nodosus.

 

   CISTULA. Humph. CYCLOSTOMA, Lam.

 

   CLANCULUS. Montf. TROCHUS _Pharaonis_, Lam.--_Obs._ This, with several

   other species, belong more properly to MONODONTA, Lam. ODONTIS, Sow.

   Fig. 361.

 

   CLATHODON. Conrad. GNATHODON, Gray.

 

   CLAUSILIA. Drap. (_Clausium_, a valve or folding door.) _Fam._

   Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea, Bl.--_Descr._ Spire elongated, consisting of

   many volutions; aperture small, sub quadrate, having several

   tooth-shaped folds on the columella. A small, elastic, shelly plate,

   attached to the columella within, called the Clausium, its office being

   to enclose the aperture when the animal has retired within the

   shell.--_Obs._ This last character distinguishes it from the Pupæ, to

   some of which it bears a very near resemblance. _Hab._ Land, in the

   central and southern parts of Europe, several British species. Fig.

   295, C. Macascarensis.

 

   CLAUSIUM. A name applied to the beautiful contrivance whence the genus

   Clausilia derives its name, consisting of a little bony tortuous plate,

   placed in a groove on the columella. Here it serves the purpose of a

   door, which, when not prevented by counteracting pressure, springs

   forward on its elastic ligament, and encloses the animal in his

   retirement. The aperture is opened by pushing back the clausium into

   the groove.

 

   CLAUSULUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. 1, 179. A genus of microscopic

   Foraminifera.

 

   CLAVA. Humph. CERITHIUM, Lam.

 

   CLAVAGELLA. Lam. (_Clava_, a club.) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea,

   Bl.--_Descr._ Two irregular flattish valves, one fixed or soldered, so

   as to form part of the side of an irregular shelly tube; the other free

   within the tube near the base.--_Obs._ The shells composing this genus

   are found in stones, madrepores, &c. and appear to form the connecting

   link between Aspergillum, which has both valves cemented into the tube;

   and Fistulana, in which both are free. Fig. 45, a fossil Clavagella.

   Found recent on the Coast of Malta and New South Wales.

 

   CLAVALITHES. Sw. A genus composed of some fossil shells, separated from

   the genus Fusus, which, having the general form of Turbinella Rapa, &c.

   are considered by Swainson, as holding an intermediate station between

   Fusus and the Turbinellidæ.--_Descr._ "Unequally sub-fusiform; the body

   whorl, and spire, being conic; and the canal suddenly contracted and

   attenuated; terminal whorls papillary; inner lip thick; pillar smooth,

longævus, clavellatus, Noæ, ponderosus, Sw."--_Obs._ The papillary

   spire may form a sufficient reason for separating this genus from

   Fusus, while the absence of plates on the columella places them at a

   still greater distance from Turbinella.

 

   CLAVATE. When one extremity of the shell is attenuated, and the other

   becomes suddenly ventricose or globular, it is said to be Clavate.

   _Ex._ Murex Haustellum, fig. 396.

 

   CLAVATULA. Lam. The generic name by which Lamarck originally

   distinguished those species of Pleurotoma which were remarkable for the

   shortness of their canals. In his system, however, they are re-united

   to Pleurotoma. Fig. 381, P. Strombiformis.

 

   CLAVICANTHA. Sw. A genus separated from Pleurotoma, Lam. consisting of

   species, which are described as "thick, sub-fusiform; the surface

   rugose, and the whorls sub-coronated; channel short; slit assuming the

   form of a short, broad sinus. C. imperialis, E. M. 440, spirata, E. M.

   440, fig. 5, conica, E. M. 439, fig. 9, echinata, E. M. 439, fig. 8,

   Auriculifera, E. M. 439, fig. 10."

 

   CLAVICLE. (_clavis_, a key.) A little key. This term is applied to the

   bony appendage in the hinge of some species of Anatina, (those included

   in the generic term Lyonsia) Cleidothærus, Myochama, &c.

 

   CLAVULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CLAVUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Hutch. ([Greek: Thairos], hinge, [Greek: Kleis],

   clavicle.) _Fam._ Chamaceæ or Myariæ, Lam.--_Descr._ Inequivalve,

   irregular, solid, attached; with one cardinal, conical tooth in the

   free valve, entering a corresponding indenture in the other; and an

   oblong shelly appendage, fixed by an internal cartilage in a groove

   under the umbones; muscular impressions, two in each valve, one

   elongated, the other uniform.--_Obs._ This shell is like Chama in

   general form, but is distinguished by the clavicle or shelly appendage

   from which its name is derived. Fig. 75. New South Wales.

 

   CLEODORA. _Per. et Les. Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam. Thecosomata,

   Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, transparent, pyramidal, with flat alate sides, and

   oval aperture. Fig. 221, C. cuspidata.

 

   CLISIPHONITES. Montf. Microscopic. LENTICULINA, Bl.

 

   CLITHON. Montf. NERITINA Corona, spinosa, &c. Auct. fig. 325.

 

   CLITIA. Leach. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes,

   Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-conical, compressed, consisting of four unequal

   valves, two larger and two smaller, joined together side by side, by

   the interlocking of their dentated edges, a process somewhat like that

   which joiners call dove-tailing. Operculum, consisting of two unequal

   pointed valves.--_Obs._ Clitia is known from Creusia, by the

   articulations of the valves, and by the operculum, which in Creusia

   consists of four valves. Fig. 20. C. Verruca, (Lepas Verruca, Gmelin.)

   Britain and Peru.

 

   CLOSE. The margins of a bivalve shell are described as being close,

   when there is no hiatus between them in any part, otherwise they are

   described as _gaping_.

 

   CLOTHO. Faujas. _Fam._ Conchacea, Bl. More properly belonging to the

   Pyloridea, Bl.; and the Lithophagidæ, Lam.--_Descr._ "Oval, nearly

   regular, longitudinally striated, equivalve, sub-equilateral; hinge

   consisting of a bifid tooth, curved like a crochet, larger in one valve

   than in the other." This description is translated from Blainville, who

   states that he has never seen the shell. Annales du Museum D'Histoire

   Naturelle, tom. 9, pl. 17, fig. 4-6.

 

   CLYPEIFORM. (_Clypeus_, a shield.) Open, flat, shaped like a shield or

   buckler, as Umbrella, fig. 233, and Parmophorus, fig. 242.

 

   CLYPIDELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Fissurella, described as having one

   extremity of the shell slightly raised. C. pustula. Sow. Gen. fig. 3.

 

   COAT OF MAIL. A common name given to shells of the genus Chiton, on

   account of their resemblance to jointed armour.

 

   COBRESIA. Hübner. VITRINA, Auct.

 

   COCHLIATE. (_Cochleare_, a spoon). Applied to any shell or part which

   is hollow and oval, as Patellæ, &c. The cavity containing the cartilage

   in Mya, fig. 71, is Cochleate.

 

   COCHLICELLA. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferrusac has divided

   the genus Helix, consisting of Bulinus decollatus, fig. 279, and

   similar species. See Helix.

 

   COCHLICOPA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, partly corresponding with

   Polyphemus of De Montfort, and consisting of species of Achatina, which

   have the outer lip undulated.

 

   COCHLITOMA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, corresponding with the genus

   Achatina, Auct. not including those with undulated outer lips.

 

   COCHLODINA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, including the genus Clausilia,

   Auct.

 

   COCHLODONTA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing Pupa Uva, Auct. &c.

 

   COCHLOGENA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing pupiform shells, such

   as Azeca tridens, fig. 290.

 

   COCHLOHYDRA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Succinea,

   Auct.

 

   COCHLOSTYLA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Bulinus,

   Auct.

 

   COLIMACEA. Lam. This Family, of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. includes

   all land shells, which might with propriety be divided into three

   sections, the first of which contain the following well-known genera:--

 

SUCCINEA. Oval, transparent, oblique; animal amphibious. Fig.

       265, 266.

 

HELIX. The type of which is the common snail shell. The

       separation of _Carocolla_, on account of the angulated whorls, or

       that of _Geotrochus_, on account of the turbinated shape, cannot be

       well maintained. Fig. 264, 267, 268, 273 to 276, 278 to 281, 294.

 

ANOSTOMA. The aperture turned up towards the spire. Fig. 271,

       272.

 

STREPTAXIS. Whorls excentric. Fig. 269, 270.

 

BULINUS. Oval; aperture entire, including _Bulimulus_, _Balea_,

       _Cionella_, _Azeca_. Fig. 282 to 285, 289, 290, 296.

 

ACHATINA. A notch terminating the columella. Fig. 286 to 288.

 

PUPA. Cylindrical; including _Vertigo_, _Alæa_, &c. Fig. 291 to

       293.

 

CLAUSILIA. Cylindrical, with a clausium. Fig. 295.

 

       _Obs._ The above are united in the system of De Ferrusac under the

       generic name Helix, and divided into sub-genera as explained under

       that word.

 

       The next section, included in the family Auriculacea, Bl., contains

       the genera Auricula, Chilina, Carychium, Marinula, Scarabæus, and

       Partula. Fig. 297 to 302.

 

       The third section contains the following genera of land shells with

       opercula.

 

CYCLOSTOMA. Aperture round; operculum spiral. Fig. 303, 304.

 

NEMATURA. Last whorl contracted; operculum spiral. Fig. 305.

 

HELICINA. Aperture semi-lunar or angulated; operculum

       concentric. Fig. 306, 307.

 

PUPINA. Shell polished; operculum concentric; aperture round.

       Fig. 524.

 

STROPHOSTOMA. Aperture turned up towards the spire, like

       Anostoma, but said to have an operculum. Only known fossil. Fig.

       97.

 

   COLUMBELLA. Auct. (Columba, a dove.) _Fam._ Columellata, Lam.--_Descr._

   Thick, oval, or angular; with short spire, and long narrow aperture,

   contracted in the centre, and terminating in a short canal; outer lip

   thickened and dentated; inner lip irregularly crenated. Epidermis thin,

   brown. Operculum very small, horny.--_Obs._ Those species of Mitra,

   which resemble Columbella in shape, may easily be distinguished by the

   plaits on the columella. The Columbellæ are marine, and few fossil

   species are known. Fig. 430, C. Mercatoria. Swainson has divided this

   genus into the following: _Columbella_, consisting of C. Mercatoria,

   &c.; _Pusiostoma_, consisting of the Strombiform species;

   _Crassispira_, which is most probably a Cerithium; _Nitidella_,

   consisting of the smooth species; _Conidea_, consisting of the more

   conical species; another set of the more conical species has been

   removed from this family, and placed in that of the "Coninæ," but as

   they are separated by no essential character, we suppose this has

   merely been done for the purpose of completing the "circle" of the last

   mentioned family, which otherwise would not have reached the required

   number of five. Mediterranean, East and West Indies, South America,

   Coast of California, Gallapagos, &c.

 

   COLUMELLA. A solid column formed by the inner sides of the volutions of

   a spiral univalve. It is sometimes described as the inner lip of the

   aperture, of which it forms a part; but the term would be more properly

   confined to that portion of the inner lip which is seen below the body

   whorl, over which the remainder of the lip is frequently spread. All

   the