Decline of Science in England by Charles Babbage (red white royal blue txt) 📖
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the President.
Let us now look at the occasional patronage of the President,
arising from offices not belonging to the Society. He is, EX
OFFICIO, a Trustee of the British Museum; and it may seem harsh
to maintain that he is not a fit person to hold such a situation.
It is no theoretical view, but it is the EXPERIENCE of the past
which justifies the assertion; and I fear that unless he has the
sole responsibility for some specific appointments, and unless
his judgment is sharpened by the fear of public discussion, a
President of the Royal Society, in the Board-room of the British
Museum, is quite as likely as another person to sacrifice his
public duty to the influence of power, or to private friendship.
With respect to the merits of that Institution, I have no
inclination at present to inquire: but when it is considered
that there is at this moment attached to it no one whose
observations or whose writings have placed him even in the second
rank amongst the naturalists of Europe, the President of the
Royal Society has given some grounds for the remark made by
several members of the Society, that he is a little too much
surrounded by the officers of a body who may reasonably be
supposed to entertain towards him feelings either of gratitude or
expectation. [It will be remembered that the name of Mr. Robert
Brown has been but recently attached to the British Museum, and
that it is to be attributed to his possessing a life interest in
the valuable collection of the late Sir Joseph Banks.]
The late Board of Longitude was another source of patronage,
which, although now abolished, it may be useful to hint at.
There were three members to be appointed by the Royal Society:
these were honorary, and, as no salary was attached, it might
have been expected that this limited number of appointments would
have been given in all cases to persons qualified for them. But
no: it was convenient to pay compliments; and Lord Colchester,
whose talents and knowledge insured him respect as Speaker of the
House of Commons, or as a British nobleman, was placed for years
in the situation as one of the Commissioners of the Board of
Longitude, for which every competent judge knew him to be wholly
unfit. What was the return which he made for this indulgence?
Little informed respecting the feelings of the Society, and
probably misinformed by the party whose influence had placed him
there, he saved them in the day of their peril.
When the state of the Society had reached such a point that many
of the more scientific members felt that some amendment was
absolutely necessary to its respectability, a committee was
formed to suggest to the Council such improvements as they might
consider it expedient to discuss. [Amongst the names of the
persons composing this Committee, which was proposed by Mr.
South, were those of Dr. Wollaston and Mr. Herschel.] The
Council received their report at the close of the session; and in
recording it on the journals, they made an appeal to the Council
for the ensuing year to bestow on it “THEIR EARLIEST AND MOST
SERIOUS ATTENTION.”
Now when the party, to whose government some of these
improvements would have been a death-warrant, found that the
subject was likely to be taken up in the Council, they were in
dismay: but the learned and grateful peer came to their
assistance, and aided Mr. Davies Gilbert in getting rid of these
improvements completely.
It has been the fashion to maintain that all classes of the Royal
Society should be represented in the Council, and consequently
that a peer or two should find a place amongst them. Those who
are most adverse to this doctrine would perhaps be the most
anxious to render this tribute to any one really employing his
time, his talents, or his rank in advancing the cause of science.
But when a nobleman, unversed in our pursuits, will condescend to
use the influence of his station in aiding a President to stifle,
WITHOUT DISCUSSION, propositions recommended for consideration by
some of the most highly gifted members of the Society,—those who
doubt the propriety of the principle may reasonably be pardoned
for the disgust they must necessarily entertain for the practical
abuse to which it leads.
Of the other three Commissioners, who received each a hundred
a-year, although the nomination was, in point of form, in the
Admiralty, yet it was well known that the President of the Royal
Society did, in fact, always name them. Of these I will only
mention one fact. The late Sir Joseph Banks assigned to me as a
reason why I need not expect to be appointed, (as he had held out
to me at a former period when I had spoken to him on the subject)
that I had taken a prominent part in the formation of the
ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. I am proud of the part I did take in
establishing that Society, although an undue share of its honour
was assigned to me by the President.
It may, perhaps, be inquired, why I publish this fact at this
distance of time? I answer, that I stated it publicly at the
Council of the Astronomical Society;—that I always talked of it
publicly and openly at the time;—that I purposely communicated
it to each succeeding President of the Royal Society; and that,
although some may have forgotten the communications I made at the
time, there are others who remember them well.
The Secretary of the late Board of Longitude received 300L., and
200L. more, as Superintendent of the Nautical Almanac.
Another situation, in the patronage of which the President is
known to have considerable influence, is that of Astronomer
Royal; and it is to be observed, that he is kept in the Council
as much as possible, notwithstanding the nature of his duties.
Of the three appointments of 100L. a-year each, which have been
instituted since the abolition of the Board of Longitude, the
President is supposed to have the control, thus making him quite
sure of the obedience of his Council.
Besides these sources of patronage, there are other incidental
occasions on which Government apply to the Royal Society to
recommend proper persons to make particular experiments or
observations; and, although I am far from supposing that these
are in many instances given to persons the second or third best
qualified for them, yet they deserve to be mentioned.
SECTION 12.
OF THE PLAN FOR REFORMING THE SOCIETY.
The indiscriminate admission of every candidate became at last so
notorious, even beyond the pale of the Society, that some of the
members began to perceive the inconveniences to which it led.
This feeling, together with a conviction that other improvements
were necessary to re-establish the Society in public opinion,
induced several of the most active members to wish for some
reform in its laws and proceedings; and a Committee was appointed
to consider the subject. It was perfectly understood, that the
object of this Committee was to inquire,—First, as to the means
and propriety of limiting the numbers of this Society; and then,
as to other changes which they might think beneficial. The names
of the gentlemen composing this Committee were:—
Dr. Wollaston, Mr. Herschel,
Dr. Young, Mr. Babbage,
Mr. Davies Gilbert, Captain Beaufort,
Mr. South, Captain Kater.
The importance of the various improvements suggested was
different in the eyes of different members. The idea of
rendering the Society so select as to make it an object of
ambition to men of science to be elected into it, was by no means
new, as the following extract from the Minutes of the Council
will prove:—
“MINUTES OF COUNCIL. August 27, 1674
Present,
Sir W. Petty, Vice-President,
Sir John Lowther,
Sir John Cutler,
Sir Christopher Wren,
Mr. Oldenburgh,
Sir Paul Neile.
“It was considered by this Council, that to make the Society
prosper, good experiments must be in the first place provided to
make the weekly meetings considerable, and that the expenses for
making these experiments must be secured by legal subscriptions
for paying the contributors; which done, the Council might then
with confidence proceed to the EJECTION OF USELESS FELLOWS.”
The reformers of modern times were less energetic in the measures
they recommended. Dr. Wollaston and some others thought the
limitation of the numbers of the Society to be the most essential
point, and 400 was suggested as a proper number to be
recommended, in case a limitation should be ultimately resolved
upon. I confess, such a limit did not appear to me to bring
great advantages, especially when I reflected how long a time
must have elapsed before the 714 members of the Society could be
reduced by death to that number. And I also thought that as long
as those who alone sustained the reputation of the Society by
their writings and discoveries should be admitted into it on
precisely the same terms, and on the payment of the same sum of
money as other gentlemen who contributed only with their purse,
it could never be an object of ambition to any man of science to
be enrolled on its list.
With this view, and also to assist those who wished for a
limitation, I suggested a plan extremely simple in its nature,
and which would become effective immediately. I proposed that,
in the printed list of the Royal Society, a star should be placed
against the name of each Fellow who had contributed two or more
papers which had been printed in the Transactions, or that such a
list should be printed separately at the end.
At that period there were 109 living members who had contributed
papers to the Transactions, and they were thus arranged:
37 Contributors of . . 1 paper
21 … … … . 2 papers
19 … … … . 3 ditto
5 … … … . 4 ditto
3 … … … . 5 ditto
3 … … … . 6 ditto
]2 … . from 7 to 12 ditto
14 … of more than 12 papers.
100 Contributing Fellows of the Royal Society. 589 Papers
contributed by them.
Now the immediate effect of printing such a list would be the
division of the Society into two classes. Supposing two or more
papers necessary for placing a Fellow in the first class, that
class would only consist of seventy-two members, which is nearly
the same as the number of those of the Institute of France. If
only those who had contributed three or more were admitted, then
this class would be reduced to fifty-one. In either of these
cases it would obviously become a matter of ambition to belong to
the first class; and a more minute investigation into the value
of each paper would naturally take place before it was admitted
into the Transactions. Or it might be established that such
papers only should be allowed to count, as the Committee, who
reported them as fit to be printed, should also certify. The
great objection made to such an arrangement was, that it would be
displeasing to the rest of the Society, and that they had a
vested right (having entered the Society when no distinction was
made in the lists) to have them always continued without one.
Without replying to this shadow of an argument of vested rights,
I will only remark that he who maintains this view pays a very
ill compliment to the remaining 600 members of the Royal Society;
since he does, in truth, maintain that those gentlemen who, from
their position, accidentally derive reputation which does not
belong to them, are unwilling, when the circumstance is pointed
out, to allow the world to
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