Decline of Science in England by Charles Babbage (red white royal blue txt) 📖
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it; or else that they are incapable of producing any thing worthy
of being printed in the Transactions of the Royal Society.
Lightly as the conduct of the Society, as a body, has compelled
me to think of it, I do not think so ill of the personal
character of its members as to believe that if the question were
fairly stated to them, many would object to it.
Amongst the alterations which I considered most necessary to the
renovation of the Society, was the recommendation, by the
expiring Council, of those whom they thought most eligible for
that of the ensuing year.
The system which had got into practice was radically bad: it is
impossible to have an INDEPENDENT Council if it is named by ONE
PERSON. Our statutes were framed with especial regard to securing
the fitness of the members elected to serve in the Council; and
the President is directed, by those statutes, at the two ordinary
meetings previous to the anniversary, to give notice of the
elections, and “to declare how much it importeth the good of the
Society that such persons may be chosen into the Council as are
most likely to attend the meetings and business of the Council,
and out of whom may be made the best choice of a President and
other officers.” This is regularly done; and, in mockery of the
wisdom of our ancestors, the President has perhaps in his pocket
the list of the future Council he has already fixed upon.
In some other Societies, great advantage is found to arise from
the discussion of the proper persons to be recommended to the
Society for the Council of the next year. A list is prepared, by
the Secretary, of the old Council, and against each name is
placed the number of times he has attended the meetings of the
Council. Those whose attendance has been least frequent are
presumed to be otherwise engaged, unless absence from London, or
engagement in some pursuit connected with the Society, are known
to have interfered. Those members who have been on the Council
the number of years which is usually allowed, added to those who
go out by their own wish, and by non-attendance, are, generally,
more in number than can be spared; and the question is never, who
shall retire?—but, who, out of the rest of the Society, is most
likely to work, if placed on the Council?
If any difference of opinion should exist in a society, it is
always of great importance to its prosperity to have both
opinions represented in the Council. In this age of discussion
it is impossible to stifle opinions; and if they are not
represented in the Council, there is some chance of their being
brought before the general body, or, at last, even before the
public. It is certainly an advantage that questions should be
put, and even that debates should take place on the days
appropriated to the anniversaries of societies. This is the best
check to the commencement of irregularities; and a suspicion may
reasonably be entertained of those who endeavour to suppress
inquiry.
On the other hand, debates respecting the affairs of the Society
should never be entered on at the ordinary meetings, as they
interrupt its business, and only a partial attendance can be
expected. That the conduct of those who have latterly managed
the Royal Society has not led to such discussions, is to be
attributed more to the forbearance of those who disapprove of the
line of conduct they have pursued, than to the discretion of the
party in not giving them cause.
The public is the last tribunal; one to which nothing but strong
necessity should induce an appeal. There are, however,
advantages in it which may, in some cases, render it better than
a public discussion at the anniversary. When the cause of
complaint is a system rather than any one great grievance, it may
be necessary to enter more into detail than a speech will permit;
also the printed statement and arguments will probably come under
the consideration of a larger number of the members. Another and
a considerable benefit is, that there is much less danger of any
expression of temper interrupting or injuring the arguments
employed.
There were other points suggested, but I shall subjoin the Report
of the Committee:—
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO CONSIDER THE BEST MEANS OF
LIMITING THE MEMBERS ADMITTED INTO THE ROYAL SOCIETY, AS WELL AS
TO MAKE SUCH SUGGESTIONS ON THAT SUBJECT AS MAY SEEM TO THEM
CONDUCIVE TO THE WELFARE OF THE SOCIETY.
Your Committee having maturely considered the resolution of the
Council under which they have been appointed; and having
satisfied themselves that the progressive increase of the Society
has been in a much higher ratio than the progressive increase of
population, or the general growth of knowledge, or the extension
of those sciences which it has been the great object of the
Society to promote, they have agreed to the following Report:—
Your Committee assume as indisputable propositions, that the
utility of the Society is in direct proportion to its
respectability. That its respectability can only be secured by
its comprising men of high philosophical eminence; and that the
obvious means of associating persons of this eminence will be the
public conviction, that to belong to the Society is an honour.
Your Committee, therefore, think themselves fully borne out in
the conclusion, that it would be expedient to limit the Society
to such a number as should be a fair representation of the talent
of the country; the consequence of which will be, that every
vacancy would become an object of competition among persons of
acknowledged merit.
From the returns which have been laid on your table, of the
Fellows who have contributed papers, and from the best estimate
they can make of the persons without doors who are engaged in the
active pursuit of science, your Committee feel justified in
recommending that those limits should be fixed at four hundred,
exclusive of foreign members, and of such royal personages as it
may be thought proper to admit.
As many years must elapse before the present number of seven
hundred and fourteen can be reduced to those limits by the course
of nature, and as it would be prejudicial to the interests of the
Society and of science, that no fresh accessions should take
place during that long period, your Committee would further
recommend, that till that event takes place, four new members
should be annually admitted.
With respect to the manner of admission, your Committee are of
opinion, that there are several inconveniences in the present
mode of proceeding to a single ballot upon each certificate,
according to its seniority. If the above limitation should be
adopted, it may be presumed, that for every vacancy there will be
many candidates; from amongst them, it must be the general wish
to select the most distinguished individuals; but to accomplish
this, if the present system were to be continued, it would be
necessary to reject all those candidates whose certificates were
of earlier date than theirs; a process not only extremely
irritating, but probably ineffectual from the want of unanimity.
Your Committee, therefore, most earnestly recommend, that one
general election should take place every year towards the end of
the session, and that this should be conducted on the same
principles as the present annual election of the Council and
officers; VIZ. by having lists printed of all the candidates
(whose certificates had been suspended for the usual time,) in
which lists each Fellow would mark the requisite number of
persons.
As the charter, however, requires the concurrence of two-thirds
of the Fellows present, your Committee suggest, that after the
choice has been determined by the plurality of votes by ballot in
the above manner, the successful candidates should be again
submitted to a general vote, in accordance with the enactments of
the said charter.
In concluding this part of the subject, your Committee beg leave
to remark, that by the method now proposed, the invidious act of
blackballing would cease, and with it all feelings of resentment
and mortification; as the result of such an open competition
could only be construed by the public into a fair preference of
the superior claims of the successful few, and not into a direct
and disgraceful rejection of the others.
Your Committee are fully aware, that such a reduction in the
usual admissions would materially affect the pecuniary resources
of the Society; but they are at the same time convinced, that by
a vigorous economy its present income might be rendered adequate
to all its real wants, and the aggregate expenditure might be
considerably diminished by many small but wholesome
retrenchments.
It appears, from the accounts of last year, that although 1200L.
was received for compositions, in addition to the standing
income, and usual contributions, &c., and although no money was
invested, yet there was a balance only of a few pounds at the end
of the year. It further appears, that 500L. was paid for the
paper, 370L. for engravings, and nearly 340L. for printing; and
from those alarming facts, your Committee submit to your
consideration, whether the expenditure might not be beneficially
controlled by a standing Committee of Finance.
In obedience to the latter part of your resolution, your
Committee now proceed to offer some further suggestions for your
consideration. They conceive that it would afford a beneficial
stimulus to individual exertion, if the Fellows who have received
the medals of the Society, and those who have repeatedly enriched
its Transactions, were distinguished by being collected into a
separate and honourable list. It would also be found, perhaps,
not less a future incentive than an act of retrospective justice,
if the names of all those illustrious Fellows who have formerly
obtained the medals, as well as of all those individuals who have
been large benefactors to the Society, were recorded at the end
of the list. It would be a satisfactory addition likewise to the
annual list, if all those Fellows who have died, or had been
admitted within the preceding year, were regularly noticed. And
your Committee think, that these lists should always form part of
the Transactions, and be stitched up with the last part of the
volume.
It requires no argument to demonstrate that the well-being of the
Society mainly depends on the activity and integrity of its
Council; and as their selection is unquestionably of paramount
importance, your Committee hope that our excellent President will
not consider it any impeachment of his impartiality, or any doubt
of his zeal, if they venture to suggest, that the usual
recommendation to the Society of proper members for the future
Council should henceforth be considered as a fit subject for the
diligent and anxious deliberation of the expiring Council.
There is another point of great moment to the character of the
Society, and to the dignified station it occupies among the
learned associations of Europe; for its character abroad can only
be appreciated by the nature and value of its Transactions. Your
Committee allude to the important task of deciding on what papers
should be published; and they are of opinion that it would be a
material improvement on the present mode, if each paper were
referred to a separate Committee, who should have sufficient time
given them to examine it carefully, who should be empowered to
communicate on any doubtful parts with the author; and who should
report, not only their opinion, but the grounds on which that
opinion is formed, for the ultimate decision of the Council.
If it should be thought fit to adopt the suggestions which your
Committee have now had the honour of proposing, they beg leave to
move,
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